l6o NYMPHALIDiE. NYMPHALIN^. LIMENITIS. 



narrow spots obscurely rufous margined with black towards the base of the forewbto, 

 Hinditing with a broad series of luiuiles beyond the band and a subapical streak black, with 

 the anal angle acute golden, spotted with black. Underside pearly, the band and basal 

 spots as on upperside, but tlie apical ones obliterated, the anal angle broadly rufescent." 

 ( IVeshvooii, I.e.) 



Male: Upperside, botk zain^s with the basal half blackish, powdered with obscure 

 ochreous at the extreme base. A broad black band divided from the discal white band by 

 a band of the paler ground-colour, attenuated and macular anteriorly in the forewing, 

 enclosing a series of deep red lunules (which are most prominent at the anal angle) in 

 the hindwing ; a submarginal and marginal black line, the former bordered with deep red 

 on both sides at the anal angle of the hindwing. Forewing with a small round black spot 

 at the base of the cell, with a similar one in the interspace below ; two parallel black 

 lines across the middle of the cell, and a figure of 8 in the interspace below, both enclosing 

 a deep red space ; beyond them the ochreous powdered basal area terminates in two sharply 

 defined bands ; a wedge-shaped deep red band enclosing the disco-cellulars ; a discal wliite 

 band from the subcostal nervure to the inner margin, the portion above the third median 

 nervule (up to which point the band gradually decreases in width) composed of three spots 

 crossed by the nervules, and separated by a streak of the ground-colour ; an oblique series of 

 three white linear spots extending from the lower discoidal interspace (where the spot almost 

 touches the discal band) to the subcostal interspace near the apex ; above the upper of these 

 three spots there is an obscure short deep red streak. Hindwing with the white discal band 

 of the forewing continued evenly across the wing from the costal margin to the submedian 

 nervure. Underside pearly, the apex of the forewing decreasingly to the third median 

 nervule ochreous. Foreiuing with a band across the middle of the cell, a somewhat rounded 

 spot in the interspace below it, and another band enclosing the disco-cellulars composed of an 

 outer fine black line, then a fine line of the ground-colour, the middle ferruginous, as is 

 also the basal half of the costal area ; the discal white band as above, but inwardly sharply 

 defined by a dark line, outwardly by a rather broader ferruginous line, beyond which are a double 

 series of obscure lunules and a submarginal line. Hindiving with an oval spot across the middle 

 of the cell, another in the interspace above, and a third below the upper disco-cellular, all com- 

 posed of a very fine outer black line enclosing a pure white area ; the discal white band as 

 above, sharply defined on both sides, inwardly by a fine, outwardly by a broader ferruginous 

 line, the latter widening out into a diffused patch at the anal angle ; a double series of dark 

 lunules and a submarginal fine line. The FEMALE differs from the male only in the wings 

 being broader, as is also the discal white band, the ground-colour somewhat paler. 



L. diidii is a rare species ; Major Marshall possesses a specimen taken at Shillong 

 in May. 



The figure is taken from a male Sikkim specimen in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, 

 and shows both sides. 



The next species, which is the typical Indian species of the genus and most nearly 

 resembles the European Z. sibylla, has the hindwing shorter and much more evenly rounded 

 than in the other Indian species ; it is extremely variable, and the local races have been 

 described under four distinct names, each race being typically very distinct, but numerous 

 intermediate forms connect each local race with the next, and I have found it impossible 

 to draw a line of separation anywhere. The species as a whole is confined to the Western 

 Himalayas and the mountain ranges to the north and west as far as Turkestan. The extreme 

 southern form is typical L. trivena, with the white discal band very broad, nearly one-third 

 the breadth of the wing, and with a single row of diffused small whitish spots on the outer 

 border ; northwards, as the elevation increases, the white band gradually narrows, till in the 

 forests near the snow line typical Z. ligyes is found, with the discal band less than one-third 

 the width of that of Z. trivma and distinctly macular througliout, the black veins separating 

 the spots being also distinctly bordered throughout with black. Further north where the 

 vegetation is sparse the white band remains narrow, but the white border spots are replaced by 



