NYMPHALID^. NYMPHALIN^. LIMENITIS. i6i 



much larger yellow spots, and an inner series of equally large yellow spots is developed, 

 separated from the outer series by the series of black lunules, and the ground-colour is paler 

 throughout. This is the form that has been named by Mr. Moore Z. hydaspes. Further north 

 still The form which occurs in Turkestan, and has been named L. lepechhii by Herr Erschoff, 

 closely resembles L. hydaspes, but judging from the figure differs in the disappearance of the 

 black lunules from the space between the two series of yellow spots. 



4SI. LimenitiS trivena, Moore. (Plate XXIV, Fig. 113 ^). 



L. Mvena, Moore, Ent. Month. Mag., vol. i, p. 133, nofe (Nov 1864) ;^. Hgye. Hewitson, Trans^ Ent. 

 Soc. Lend., third series, vol. ii, p. 246, n. 3, pl- xv. figs. 3, 4. fentale (Dec, 1864) ; id, Lang Ent. Month. 

 Mag . vol V, p 3S (186S) ; L. hydaspes, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 270, n. 49, pl- xlui, fig. 2 ; L. 

 /<./^.A/«/, Erschoff, Lep. Turk., p. 14, n. 41, Pl.i. fig- lo.'"''^^ ('874); id., Hedemann, Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., 

 vol. xvi, p. 263 (err. 247), note{iZii). 



Habitat : Western Himalayas, Kashmir, Turkestan. 

 Expanse : 2-25 to 3-10 inches. 



Description : " Male. Upperside brown, with a broad interrupted white band 

 extending across the disc of both zvings, beyond which is a marginal series of pale ochrey-red 

 lunules, bordered on each side with black. In Xhtforewing are a few small white spots at 

 the apex, before the band, and within the discoidal cell is a transverse white streak, on each 

 side of which is a narrow, pale ochrey-red, black bordered streak, the basal one shewing itself 

 below the cell. Underside ochrey-yellow, with the broad band, discoidal and apical spots 

 white. Cilia white, at the points black. Antennce at the apex ochrey-red. Female. Darker, 

 fuliginous, tinged with green at the base of the wings, the broad transverse band and spots 

 creamy white, the marginal series of lunules also whitish." (Moore, 1. c) 



" I have seen but three individuals of this species, all in the Himalaya, 7,000 to 8,000 

 feet elevation, in forests of oak (Quercus incana and semi-carpifolia). Has a quick flight, 

 sometimes slower, floating in and out of the sunlight." (Note by Colonel Lang). 



As this form was first described it may be considered to be the typical one. It occurs 

 in the outer ranges of the Himalayas and furthest to the south. I took a single female on the 

 top of Jakko, Simla, and there are numerous specimens of both sexes also from Simla in 

 Colonel Lang's collection ; Major Marshall has observed it on the wing in the spring on the 

 road down to Sipi from Mashobra, near Simla ; I found it common at Kujiah near Dalhousie 

 in June, in Chumba and at Mogul Maidan, Kashmir, in the same month ; it occurs also in 

 Murree, and Mr. A. Graham Young has obtained numerous examples in Kulu in May and 

 June. In Colonel Lang's collection are two specimens from Lower Kunawar exactly inter- 

 mediate between typical Z. trivena and the form or variety described as Z. ligyes. Some 

 undoubted examples of Z. trivena have a double series of ochreous spots on the margin on the 

 upperside of both wings, placed one at the apex the other at the base of a series of black 

 conical spots between the nervules, showing in this respect an approach to Z. ligyes, though the 

 white discal band is twice as broad as in typical specimens of that species. Other examples 

 of Z. trivena lack the inner series of ochreous spots, and in others again the outer series is 

 white, and the inner also absent. The markings of the underside vary considerably, but the 

 extent and colouration of those on the upperside are the most important. 



Var. ligyes, -Female. Upperside dark brown. Both wings crossed by a nearly 

 medial band of white spots, followed between it and the outer margin by two bands 

 of lunular black spots. F.re:ving with a black band, a rufous spot and a white band 

 within the cell, and a rufous band at the end of the cell; three white spots near the 

 apex. Nindzoing with rufous spots between the two submarginal bands of black spots 

 UNDERSIDE oclueous-yellow. For^aing with the basal half rufous, the medial band - ab 

 the lower spots bordered with black; a lunular white spot below the <=^11- f^"^^^^ < ^ 

 rledialbanS excepted) immaculate." (ll^witson, I.e.) ^ ^/^^^^ '^^^^ "^l'^^^^"";^^" 

 female except that the outer margin of the forewing is slightly emarginate below the apex, 



and both wings are rather narrower. 



21 



