NYMPHALID^. NYMPHALIN/E. ATHVMA. 165 



aenus 75.-ATHTMA, Westwood. (Plate XX). 



.^//(j';«(T, Westwood, Gen. Diuin. Lep., vol. ii, p. 272 (1850); id., Moore, Proc. Zool. See. Lond., 1858, 

 p. II, Mouogra/>h; id., Felder, Neues Lepid., p. 31, n. 75 (1861) ; id.. Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 156 (1883). 



" Body, robust ; 7w«^j, large and strong, generally with transverse white marks on a 

 black ground. Head, moderate, with a few long hairs in front ; eyes, rather prominent, 

 generally naked, but finely hirsute in some species ; antenna not more than half the length 

 of the forewing, straight ; terminated by a long and gradually formed slender club, slightly 

 obliquely truncate at the tip, and with a fine keel-like line down the underside ; palpi, rather 

 slender, obliquely directed upwards, but not reaching above the middle of the eyes ; the tips 

 horizontally porrected and slightly incurved, clothed with closely adpressed scaly hairs, with 

 longer hairs at the base beneath, and towards the extremity of the second joint on the upper 

 side ; the terminal joint very short and obtuse. Thorax, robust ; collar often variously 

 coloured ; dorsum often marked with white spots ; metathorax large, deeply grooved down the 

 middle, finely hairy. Abdomen, moderately robust, often party-coloured, especially at the 

 base. Forewing, large, subtriangular ; costal margin rounded ; apex rounded ; miter margin 

 three-fifths of the length of the costa, slightly convex, straight, or but very slightly concave, 

 and slightly scalloped ; inner margin nearly straight, three-fourths of the length of the costa. 

 Costal nervure strong, reaching to the middle of tlie costa ; subcostal nervure with its first 

 branch arising at about one-fourth of the length of the wing, followed immediately by the 

 second branch ; third branch arising at about two-thirds of the length of the wing, and 

 extending to the apex ; fourth branch arising at about five-sixths of the length of the wing, 

 extending below the apex ; the terminal portion of the vein rather deflexed. Upper disco- 

 cellular nervule almost obliterated, arising from the subcostal nervure at one-third of the 

 length of the wing ; middle disco-cellular very short, curved, forming the base of tjie 

 lower discoidal nervule ; lower disco-cellular obsolete in the typical species, the discoidal cell 

 being open. In others it is, however, distinct, although very slender, arising from the 

 extremity of the middle disco-cellular, which is in such species curved obliquely towards 

 the base of the wing, and joining the median nervure close to the origin of the third 

 branch. Hindwing, subtriangular ; costal margin rather rounded ; oitter margin rounded, 

 and more strongly scalloped. Pmcostal nervure strongly curved outwards ; costal nervure 

 arched, and extending to the outer angle ; subcostal nervure branching very near to its 

 base, and also emitting the upper disco-cellular nervule very near to the base of its branch. 

 Upper disco-celhilar nervule forming the base of the discoidal nervule ; lo-coer disco-cellular 

 obsolete. Forelegs, of the male small, pectoral, finely hairy ; tibia not so long as the 

 femur ; tarsus rather more than two-thirds of the length of the tibia ; when denuded it 

 is cylindrical, simple, exarticulate, and destitute of claws or spines, as is also the tip of 

 the tibia. Of the female rather longer and thicker, scaly ; tarsus with well developed joints ; 

 the first being half the length of the tarsus, without spines at tlie tip beneath ; second, 

 third, and fourth joints with strong short spines on the underside. Middle and hindlegs, 

 moderately long ; tibia spined beneath, tibial spurs strong ; tarsi more thickly spined 

 beneath, the spines arranged in rows." 



"Larva [/4./mM.f], long, cylindrical, with setose warts at the sides; head spinose^ 

 each of the second and third segments with two long, erect, sharp, setose spines ; remaining 

 joints with similar spines, but those of the fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth joints are shorter 

 than the intermediate ones. Pupa suspended by the tail ; head furcate ; body with a conical 

 protuberance on the dorsal portion of the thorax, and another at the base of the abdomen." 

 {Westwood, 1. c.) 



Athyma is a genus of considerable extent, about forty species being known. It is confined 

 to Asia, occurring almost throughout the outer Himalayas, and eastern and peninsular India (but 

 not in Ceylon), Burma, the Andaman Isles, the Malay peninsula and islands, with several 

 species in China. Many of the species have a superficial likeness to species of the genus Neptis, 

 being black with white bands and spots, but the neuration is very different. In several 

 species the females are very differently coloured and marked to the males, but in all cases the 



