166 NYMPHALID.E. NYMPHALIN/E. ATIIYMA. 



style of marking and colouration is similar to that of Neptis. Both sexes of Apatura chevana, 

 and the female of A thy ma sdenophora, appear to mimic A thy ma opalina, in which species the 

 sexes are alike. All the species known to me in nature are strong on the wing, but frequently 

 settle, often on the ground with wide-spread open wings, or on leaves of trees and bushes. 

 They are forest-loving insects, occurring only where there is a rich vegetation. 



The genus comprises two groups, in one of which the cell of the forewing is open, in the 

 other it is closed ; in the first group the sexes are similarly marked in all the species, and all 

 are black with the white bands and spots arranged as in Neptis ; in the second group the 

 aberrant species occur in which, while the females retain the '^Neptis" markings, the males 

 diverge in having the bands margined partially with blue, and in some cases the discoidal and 

 submarginal bands obscure, the discal band alone being white and prominent, 



Eey to the Indian species of Athy^na. 



First Group, 

 A. Forewing with discoidal cell open. Sexes alike. Ground-colour black with white markings. 



a. Streak in cell of forewing divided into three portions, a spot beyond. 



454. A. PERius, India, Malayana, China. 



b. Streak in cell of forewing undivided. 



«'. A spot in continuation of streak in cell. 



a". White spots forming submarginal band of hindwing on upperside with black centres. 



455. A. ASURA, N.-W. Himalayas, Cachar, Khasi Hills, Upper Assam. 



b". White spots forming submarginal band of hindwing on upperside without black 

 centres. 

 a^. Submarginal series of white spots on underside of forewing with black centres. 



456. A. iDiTA, Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo. 



b^. Submarginal series of white spots on underside of forewing with no black 

 centres. 

 437. A. KANWA, Naga Hills, Borneo. 

 3'. No white spot in continuation of streak in cell. 



a-. Underside ferruginous, no dark patches between white bands and spots. 



458. A. jiNA, Sikkim. 



b^. Underside ochraceous-brown, with dark patches between bands and spots. 



459. A. PRAVARA, Cachar, Assam, Malayana. 



454. Athyma periUS, Llnnceus. (Plate XX, Fig. 89 $ ; also Vol, I, Plate II, 



Larva and Pupa), 



Papilio perius, Linnseus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 471, n. 79 (1758) ; idem, id., Syst. Nat., ed, xii, vol. i, pt. 2, 

 p. 766, n. 116 (1767) ; Athyma perius, Aurivillius, Kongl. sv. vet. = akad. Handl., vol. xix, pp. 68, 69 (1882) ; 

 id., Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 157, n. i (woodcut of larva), pi. xvi, fig. 2, male (1883); Papilto pierius, 

 Linnaeus, Mus. Ulr., p. 261, n. 80 (1764) ; Papilio leucothoe, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 478, n. 122 

 (1758); id., Clerck, Icones Ins., vol. iii (inedited), pi, v, fig. 4(1764); Acca leucothoe, Hubner, Verz. bek. 

 Schmett., p. 44, n. 397 (1816) ; Nyniphalis leucothoe, Godart, Enc. Meth., vol. ix, p. 430, n. 256 (1823); 

 LinteKitis leucotho', Westwood, Donovan's Ins. China, ed. ii, p. 65, pi. xxxv, fig. 3 (1842) ; Athyma 

 leucothoe, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E.I.C., vol. i, p. 170, n. 349, pi. v, fig. 11, larva; iiai 

 pupa (1857); Papilio hylas, Linnajus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 486, n. 172, female (1758); Papilio erosine, 

 Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iii, pi. cciii, figs. E, F (1779) ; id., Herbst, Pap., pi. ccxl, figs. 5, 6 (1798) ; Najas 

 erosine, Hubner, Samml., Ex. Schmett., vol. i, pi. Ixiii (i8o6-i6) ; Papilio leucothea, Fabricius, Spec. Ins., 

 vol. ii, p. 96, n. 421 (1781) ; Papilio poly xcna, Donovan, Ins. China, pi. xxxvii, fig. 4 (1799), 



Habitat : India, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Java, Formosa, China, 



Expanse : 2*15 to 290 inches. 



Description: "Male aud female, Upperside dark fuscous, with the following 

 lemon-white [almost pure white] spots and markings '.^fommng with a basal streak and two 

 spots in cell ; a subtriangular spot at end of cell ; two elongated subapical spots divided by the 

 upper discoidal nervule, beneath which are an oblong discal series of five spots directed inwardly, 

 the upper two smallest, and the fifth linear on inner margin ; a submarginal series of six 

 very small spots, the third, fourth and fifth contiguous to the upper three discal spots, 

 Hind'wing with a wide transverse macular fascia near base, and an outer discal series of six 

 small spots, inwardly margined with dark fuscous spots, placed between the nervules. Both 

 wings with a waved pale linear submarginal fascia, and the cilia alternately white. Underside 



