NYMPHALID/E. NYMPHALIN^. ATHYMA. 167 



dark warm ochraceous ; pale spots as above, but whiter and more or less margined with 

 black. Forewing with four black spots beneath first median nervule, vh., two beneath cell 

 (the basal very small), the largest before the fourth discal spot, and the last following this 

 spot. Hindwing with the apex of prrecostal nervure black and situated in a basal transverse 

 whitish fascia ; medial fascia as above, but more or less margined on each side with black, 

 the outer discal spots above fused into a macular fascia beneath, and containing a series of 

 small black spots placed between the nervules (two between the first median nervule and 

 submedian nervure) ; both wings with a narrow pale waved submarginal violaceous fascia, 

 outwardly margined with black ; cilia as above. Body above dark fuscous, the eyes castaneous ; 

 thorax with some discal linear grey markings and two posterior oblique spots of the 

 same colour ; abdomen annulated with greyish. Body beneath and legs greyish, the under 

 surfaces of the tarsi castaneous." (Distant, 1. c.) 



Larva cylindrical, of equal thickness throughout its length, head larger than the follow- 

 ing segment, black, thickly covered with obtuse castaneous spines, body pale green, beneath 

 and legs castaneous, armed with a subdorsal series of long, and a spiracular series of shorter 

 spined castaneous tubercles, one in each series on each segment, those on the fourth, sixth, 

 eighth, tenth and thirteenth segments in the subdorsal series shorter than the others, spiracles 

 black. Pupa brown, richly gilt, head ending in two points, thorax foliaceous. In Java Dr. 

 Horsfield records the larva as feeding " on a species of Phyllanthus" 



A. perius is one of the commonest as well as the most widely distributed species of the 

 genus. It occurs throughout the outer ranges of the Himalayas and in Eastern, South- West- 

 ern and Southern India to Travancore — but not in Ceylon — throughout Burma, the Malay 

 peninsula, Siam, in Java, Formosa and China. It is very constant in its markings, though Mr. 

 Moore remarks that " specimens from Java are smaller than those from India, and have 

 the medial band broader and the portions closer together." It may be distinguished from 

 all other Indian species, except A, asura and A. sidpitia, by the white submarginal band on 

 the underside of the hindwing enclosing a series of round black spots. In A, asura 

 these spots are in the middle of the band and appear on both upper and undersides ; in A, 

 sidpitia these spots are nearer the inner edge of the band and are followed by another 

 row on the ochreous ground-colour within ; in A. perius these spots are also near the inner 

 edge of the band, but there is no second row within and no group of black spots near the 

 base, and the ground-colour is very uniform bright ochreous. 



The figure shows both sides of a female specimen from Masuri in the Indian Museum, 

 Calcutta. The larva and pupa are figured on Plate II of Vol. I under the synonymic name 

 of this species, Athyina leucothoe, by which it was till lately universally known. 



Athyma larymna, Doubleday, Hewitson, occurs in Perak and Malacca. It is a very 

 handsome and large species, probably the largest in the genus. Mr. Westwood probably 

 incorrectly recorded it from Northern India. His figure differs from a Perak specimen in the 

 Indian Museum, Calcutta, by the white markings on the upperside being somewhat larger, 

 especially the discal band on both wings. The description is appended.* It closely resembles 

 A, opalina in the markings of both upper and underside, but it is much larger, the cell of the 

 forewing is open, and the discoidal nervule of the hindwing is much less curved at the base. 



* Athytna larymna. Liinctiiis larymna, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, pi, 

 XXXV, fi? I (1850); A/liyi/ta larymna, Westwood, id., p. 274. n. 7 (11^50) ; id., Horsfield and Moore, Cat. 

 Lep. Mus. E.I.C , vol. i. p 172, n. 352 (1857) ; Athyma larymna. var., male. Distant, Rhop. Malay , p. 

 159, n. 2, pi xvi, fig. I, ;««/t' (1883). Habitat: Northern India? Perak. Malacca, Java, Borneo. Expansr: 

 3"o to 3'4 inches. Description: "Malb and female Upperside d.Trk fuscous, with the following dark 

 cream-coloured markings: — Fcreivhig with a [narrow] basal streak followed by two spots in cell, and a 

 large subtriangular spot at end of cell ; two large subapical spots divided by the upper discoidal nervule, and 

 preceded by a small subcostal linear spot ; a large discal spot between ihe second and first median nervules, 

 and two contiguous spots about middle of inner margin, which are divided by the submedian nervure ; two sub- 

 marginal series of small spots, the inner one waved and commencing near costa. the outer one commencing beneath 

 the lower subcostal nervule, but fading into pale fuscous beneath the third median nervule. Cilia, alternately 

 greyish from beneath apex. H indwins^ with a transverse macular fascia before middle, a transverse series 

 of subconical spots placed between the nervules, gradually enlarging towards abdominal margin, and situated 

 on the outer portion of disc, and a pale fuscous submarginal line. Underside brownish ochraceous, the pale 

 markings more or less clouded. Forewing with the cellular spots fused into a single fascia, convex, but deeply 

 notched above: the spot at end of cell elongated, and preceded by an upper subquadrate spot ; discal spots 

 as above, the two series of sabraargiual spots as above, but of the inner series the two apical spots fuscous. 



