NYMPHALID^. NYMPHAIJN^. SYMPH^EDRA. 185 



The male of A. Jumna is common in Sikkim, the females of both species seem about 

 equally common ; our collections contain ten specimens of that sex of A. Jumna, and nine 

 of A. ganga. The question whether these two species are really distinct or not, also if 

 they are distinct, which are the tnie opposite sexes of each, must in my opinion remain 

 in doubt till they are bred. 



The figure of both species (named A. mirus on the plate) shows on the left hand the 

 upperside of a not very typical male Sikkim specimen oi A. jutnna in the Indian Museum, 

 Calcutta. In this example the discal band on the upperside of the hindwing is more 

 widely divided than is usually the case. The right hand half represents the female of A. mirus. 



Genus 77.-SYMPH^DIlA, HUbner. (Plate XXI). 



Symphcedra, Htibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 39 (1816) ; id., Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 294 

 (1850) ; id., Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 612 ; id., Moore, Lep Cey., vol. i, p 34 (1881) ; id , Dis- 

 tant, Rhop. Malay , p. H2 (1883) ; Adolias (part), Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc Lond., new series, vol.v, p. 62 (1857) ; 

 Adolias, section 10, Felder, Neues Lep., p. 35 (1861) ; Lexias, Boisduval, Voy. Astr., Lep,, p, 125 (1833) ; 

 id., Felder, 1. c, p. 36, n 83. 



" Wings, short. Forewing, triangular ; casta slightly arched ; exterior margin short, 

 slightly scalloped ; posterior margin straight ; first and second subcostal nervules emitted 

 before end of the cell, third at one-fifth beyond ; fourth and Jifth at two-thirds beyond ; 

 \_'nidd/e] disco-cellular very short, convexly angular ; the discoidal nervules from the angles ; 

 discoidal cell open, short, broad ; first median nervule opposite [middle] disco-cellular, the 

 second and third at some distance beyond ; submedian nervure straight. Hindwing, 

 broadly oval ; exterior margin very convex, scalloped, abdominal margin short ; veuration 

 similar to EiithaHa, Body, small ; palpi, porrect, somewhat pilose ; legs, squamose ; antennce, 

 of moderate length, stout." (^Moore, 1. c. in Lep. Cey.) The above diagnosis applies to 

 S. nais, the only species of the genus which occurs in Ceylon. 



" Forewing, subtriangular ; costal margin arched and convex ; apex rounded (general- 

 ly more prominently so in the female) ; outer margin slightly waved and slightly concave 

 beneath apex ; inner margin nearly straight. First and second subcostal nervules emitted 

 before the end of the cell, the second longer than the first ; the third emitted some distance 

 before the apices of first and second ; the fourth and fifth bifurcating at about two-thirds 

 beyond end of cell. Lower disco-cellular nervule practically obsolete, leaving the discoidal 

 cell open, or sometimes slender and faintly visible ; third median nervule with the basal 

 portion curved and rounded, and with an apparently common origin with the second at apex 

 of cell [in some species]. Hindwing, ovate ; costal margin oblique and slightly convex ; outer 

 margin slightly waved and broadly rounded ; abdominal margin nearly straight, but becoming 

 obliquely divergent to anal angle. Neuration generally as in Euthalia. Body, stout ; palpi, 

 porrect and pointed ; antennce, variable in length." {Distant, 1. c) This applies to S. dirtea, 

 the only species found in the Malay Peninsula. 



Larva (S. nais) tapering towards both ends, green, with a dorsal row of rounded 

 spots, the sides furnished with ten laterally-projecting long delicately-branched spines. 

 Pupa broad, the back keeled, head ending in two pointed diverging processes. 



Symphcedra is very closely allied indeed to the next genus Euthalia in all 

 its stages. Mr. Butler, when monographing this group, wrote : — " The structural characters 

 •w\i\(i!c\. ■s,t'^2iX3XQ Sytnphcedra {\-om Adolias \^= Euthalia^ are not very considerable, and from 

 their uncertainty seem almost to indicate a state of transition ; the style of coloura- 

 tion, however, is quite distinct." He excluded 5. nais and S. teuta which have 

 since been placed in the genus Symphcedra, and included the ninus of Felder 

 which is a Dichorragia. About twelve species are known, occurring throughout India 

 except in the North-west, Ceylon, Burma, the Malay Peninsula and islands to New 

 Guinea and Australia. The Indian species form a very heterogeneous group, 5". nais 

 is brick-red above with black spots and bands in both sexes ; .S". teuta, S. teuidides 

 and S. recta are dark brown above with a discal pale green band across both wings 

 the females being similarly marked but paler, and the bands much whiter j S, gupta is an 



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