192 NYMPIIALID/E. NYMPHALIN.E. E^UTHALIA. 



shorter than the tibia, rather thickly clothed at the sides and beneath with very short spines ; 

 claws rather large and very much curved ; paronychia small, bifid." 



" Larva, chilopodomorphous, linear, lengthened, provided on each side with ten long, 

 attenuated, spreading, branchiform appendages of nearly equal length, consisting of a midrib 

 and lateral beards, decreasing in length towards the extremity, and imitating the structure of 

 a very delicate plume, being armed with a terminal spike composed of a dense whorl of short 

 robust spines. Feet short, minute, and entirely concealed by the lateral appendages. Pupa 

 short, angular, attenuated at both ends, with two sides even, and the third or ventral surface 

 gently swelled or rounded ; consisting of unequal pyramidal portions, the abdominal portion 

 being the longest, and provided with two points, whilst the angles are armed with a few 

 short spines, which are more robust at the union of the two pyramids ; the longitudinal 

 and transverse ridges ornamented with a delicate gold streak." (West-wood, 1. c.) 



The genus Euthalia is of large extent, about seventy species having been described. It 

 belongs to the Indo-Malayan region, occurring sparingly in the Western Himalayas, but is 

 most fully represented in the Eastern ; in Sikkim they attain their largest size and beauty, 

 and are most numerous both in species and individuals. One or two species occur in all but 

 the very arid tracts of continental India, four in Ceylon, one in the Andaman Isles, and 

 numerous species in Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and islands as far east as Celebes 

 and the Philippines. It occurs also in China. 



There is some variability in structure, E. evelina and allies have the discoidal cells of 

 both wings closed. The position of the third subcostal nervule of the forewing is also incon- 

 stant, in some species (£". garuda and allies) it is given off from the subcostal nervure at 

 one-fourth or less from the origin of the disco-cellular nervules, in others (^E. cocytina and 

 allied species) it is emitted about midway between end of cell and apex of wing. The outline 

 of the wings shows also great variation, in the male especially. In E. evelina, E. satropaces, 

 &c., the forewing is distinctly falcate in both sexes, in others the apex is only acuminated, 

 and the outer margin emarginate. In E. garuda and its allies the hindvving is sharply 

 acuminate at the anal angle in the male. In E. lepidea and its allies, the hindvving is evenly 

 rounded in both sexes. In colouration many species in the males are black on the upperside, 

 with darker bands and irregular linear spots towards the base of the hindwing, and in the 

 cell of the forewing ; the females are paler, and often very diversely coloured ; other males 

 have a broad blue or grey margin to the upperside of the hindwing ; in these the females are 

 in a few instances somewhat similarly marked, in the others they are quite different. Again, 

 there are other species which are alike in both sexes, and have the colouration of the upper- 

 side some shade of green, two species with a broad discal pale band across both wings on 

 the upperside, others with the band on the forewing only, and lastly others without any band 

 at all. The larvae of Symphcedra and Euthalia are similarly formed, and are amongst the 

 most peculiar and interesting in Butterflies. I have often found that of E. garuda at 

 rest on the middle of a mangoe leaf, in which position it is very difficult to see, though its form 

 is so remarkable, its body with the pale dorsal line answers to the midrib of the leaf, while the 

 lateral branched spines pass for the other veins of the leaf on which it is resting, forming 

 a remarkable instance of protective colouration, structure and habit combined. 



Though the perfect insects differ so widely in outline, and in style of markings as 

 well as in robustness of structure, the genus is separable into two distinct groups ; the first 

 of which has the discoidal cell of the forewing closed by a slender nervule ; the second has 

 the cells of both wings open. 



In the first group the sexes, so far as is known, are alike, but the differences between the 

 various species in outline and in style of markings is very considerable; one, E. durga, 

 closely resembles an aberrant Limenitis in style of markings, but the strongly arched costa is 

 sufficient to distinguish it, and moreover the white discal band stops short of the first 

 median nervule on the hindwing which in Limenitis it never does. In the remaining species 

 the markings are diverse from those of all the allied genera. 



