204 NYMPIIALID/E. NYMPHALIN/E. EUTHALIA, 



Tlie E, cocyius of Fabvicius belongs to this group, and was described from Siam. The 

 male has the outer margins of both wings blue on the uppersidc as in E, andersonii ; the 

 female is somewhat similar to that sex of E. satropaces, but the apical area of the forewing 

 on the upperside is covered with greenish scales. 



Between this species and the next are numerous closely-allied species, six of which, 

 E. viaaiairi, E. stoliczkana, E. tnadayi, E. cocytifta, E. pJiseda and E, asoka have been 

 recorded from the Malay Peninsula. In all of these the outer border is blue extending on to the 

 forewing in the male, and they exhibit a gradually increasing differentiation of the sexes. The 

 detailed descriptions are given below. Another species of this group {E.gopia) has been described 

 from Assam, but the locality is doubtful ; it is closely allied to E. cocytina. The description 

 of the male is appended, but no description has hitherto been published of the female. 

 I have never seen either sex, and my knowledge of it is confined to the description here 

 republished and the figure which accompanied it, but both sexes are stated to be in the British 

 Museum. 



Euthalia ntaoiairi, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 123, n. 9, pi. xiv, figs. 6, tnalc ; 10, female (1883). 

 Habitat : Province Wellesley. Expanse : Male, i'i ; fcjiiale, 2'8 inches. Description : " Male. Uppek- 

 siDE very dark chocolate-brown, the outer margins of both wings pale bluish ; on the foreiving this bluish 

 margin is narrow, commencing a little beneath apical angle, and slightly widening and terminating at 

 posterior angle ; on the hindwing it is very broad, especially near the anal angle ; outer margins narrowly 

 black, the c/V/<i pearly white ; c<t\\ o^ i\\t. foieiving crossed by four blackish lines, the two innermost nearly 

 straight, the two outer ones prominently bent and sinuated, and a similarly bent black line at end of cell ; 

 the three innermost of these lines are continued beneath the median nervure. Underside pale olivaceous- 

 brown. Fo>e7ving with the basal area palest, cellular markings as above, but more distinct, and two 

 discal, narrow, undulating fuscous fasciae, the inner one waved, the outer entire, but somewhat discontinuous. 

 Hi7uixving with the cell crossed by some indistinct fuscous lines, a similar convex one near its apex, and an 

 elongate ovate spot on each side of the base of the upper subcostal nervule ; two discal and parallel narrowr 

 fuscous fasciae, terminating at about the first median nervule, the inner one broadest, and the outer 

 narrow and somewhat broken. Body slX\A legs more or less concolourous with wings. Femalb. Larger and paler 

 in hue than the male ; markings similar, but the forewing on the upperside exhibiting the discal fasciae 

 only seen on the underside of the male ; these fascise are also slightly broader and the colour between them 

 fomewhat paler ; cell of the hindzving exhibiting the transverse dark lines as beneath. Underside 

 brighter and warmer in hue than in the other sex ; the markings similar." 



"This species and £. i/tpZ/VsA-rt^a represent a section of the genus in which the males are strikingly simikir 

 to each other and equally dissimilar from the females. The great interest attaching to the species is that it 

 represents the closest alliance and resemblance between the sexes of this section, the following species showing 

 B gradually increasing tendency to sexually differentiate ; whilst it is to the Indo-Malayan region that this 

 portion of the genus is almost confined." (Distant, 1. c.) 



E%ithalia stoliczkanit. Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 124, n. lo, pi. xiv, fig. \i, female iiZS-i). Habitat: 

 Province Wellesley. Expanse : Male, 2'45 ; female, 2-80 inches. Description : " Male. Closely resembling 

 the male of E. tnacnairi, but larger, and with the bluish marginal fasciae on both wings on the upperside a 

 little broader. Underside with the narrow fuscous outer discal fasciae to both wings much more waved and 

 smuated. Female. Uppbrsidb closely resembling the female of £■. WMC«a/>z', but differing on the upperside 

 by the absence of the bluish marginal fasciae, which are only slightly indicated near the posterior angle of the 

 forewing, and appear on the liindwing as a narrow discal fascia, which becomes obsolete towards the abdorninal 

 margin ; on this wing the narrow fuscous discal fasciae of the forewing are also continued, the innerrnost distinct, 

 the outer one not distinctly passing the third median nervule. Underside warmer in hue than in E. macnairi, 

 and distinctly differentiated from that species by the waved and sinuated outer discal fasciae to both wings." 

 (Distant, I.e.) 



Euthalia tnadayi, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 124, n. 11, pi. xiv, fig. t^, female (1883). Habitat : Province 

 Wellesley. Expanse : ;l/a/<?, 2*4 ; /&«/a/^, 29 inches. Dhsckiption : "Male. Upperside almost identical with 

 the male of E macnairi. Underside with the outer discal fascia waved and sinuated as in .£_. stoliczkana, 

 but on the hiudwing the outer fascia is farther removed from the margin than in that species. Female. 

 Upperside closely resembling the female of E. tnacnairi, but the bluish marginal fascia to the hindtving 

 inwardly strongly waved and hollowed at the subcostal and discoidal nervules. Underside. Both wings \ia.vs 

 the outer discal fasciae strongly waved and sinuated as in E. stoliczkana, but on the fo'ezuing these fasciae are 

 wider apart than in that species, and on the hindwing the outer fascia is farther removed from the margin." 



" E. macnai7-i, E. stoliczkana, and E. -maclayi have so strong a superficial resemblance as to give 

 the impression that they are but varieties of one species, and this was my first conclusion. The reasons which 

 have impelled me to take the opposite view are that both sexes can be differentiated, and that the forms are not 

 intermediate. Thus, though E. maclayi resembles E. macnairi above, it partakes of the character of E. 

 stoliczkana beneath, but is yet quite distinctly differentiated from that species by the pattern of those markings. 

 Though I have followed this course I consider the conclusion but tentative. Some decision must be taken in a 

 work like this, and the proof will ultimately rest with the local breeder of these insects. In the absence of this 

 information analytic and synthetic empiricism are both to be deplored." (Distant, I.e.) 



Euthalia cocytina. Aconthca cocytina, Horsfield, Zool. Journ., vol. v, p. 67, pi. iv, figs. 3. -^a, male (1829); 

 Adolias cocytina, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. i, p. 99, n. 6 (1868) ; Euthalia 

 cocytina. Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 125, n. 12, pi. xviii, fig. 7, female (1883); Adolias godaitii. Gray, 

 Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 14, pi. xii, fig. 2, 7nale (1846). Habitat: Singapore, Sumatra. Expanse: Male, 

 2-4; fetnale, 2'8 inches. Description: "Male. Uppersiue resembling E. maclayi, but the bluish 

 marginal bands wide, as in E. stoliczkana. Underside pale but warm ochraceous, the markings generally 

 as in E. macnairi, but paler and ochraceous; the black cellular markings of the fomving as in 

 E. maclayi. Female. Upph'RSIDe pale fuliginous-brown, cellular and infra-cellular markings as in 

 E. maclayi ; an oblique discal series of six elongate greyish spots, outwardly and obscurely margined with 

 small dark spots placed beween the nervules ; of the former the two uppermost, devided by the first discoidal 

 nervule, are largest, and the first i^^ broken at its middle ; the third is smallest, and the sixth, situated beneath 

 the first median netvule, is rather faint and outwardly notched ; a broad pale marginal border, becoming obsolete 



