NYMPHALIDyE. NYMPIIALIN.'E. PYRAMEIS. 227 



whole of the hindwing, but bearing a submargiiial series of oval black spots. Both species are 

 usually common where they occur ; they have a bold flight, but frequently settle with out- 

 stretched wings, and return again and again to the place from which they may have been 

 driven. The forelegs of the species of this genus as well as of Vatussa and Symbrenlhia 

 are more densely hairy than those of any other subfamily, which feature has earned 

 for them the name of the " Brush-footed Butterflies." 



Sey to the Indian species of Pyrameis. 



A. Upperside, forewing with basal two-thirds, hindwing almost entirely, ochreous-red, marked with 



irregular black spots and blotches. 



520. P. CARDUI, Mundus. 



B. Upperside. forewing with broad irregular oblique discal scarlet band ; hindwing, outer margin scarlet 



in the middle. 



521. P. INDICA, Hilly portions of India, Ceylon. 



520. Pyrameis cardui, Linnceus. 



Pafizlio cardui, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. Ins., ed. x, p. 475> n. 107 (1758) ; idem, id., Faun. Suec, p 276, n. 1054 

 (1761) • idem, id.. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, vol. i, pt. ii, p. 774, n. i57 (1767); >d., Esper, Schmett , vol. i, pt_. i, pi x, 

 fig /( 777) ; id., Hubner, Eur. Schmett., vol. i, figs. 73. 74 (-793?) ; id., Fabricius, Hnt. Syst vol. iii. pt. . p. 

 .5 n. 3" (.793) ; Vanessa cardui, Hubner. Verz. bek. Schmett.. p. 33. n. 27. (x8x6) ; Pyr.^,ne^s ca,duz, 

 hJ sfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C, vol. i, p. 138, n. 280, pi. v. fig 3, lar^a; 3a. /«/« (1857) ; .d., 

 TZl RhoD Afr Aust p 119, n. 73 (1862-66) ; id., Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M., p. 77, n. 2 (.869) ; id-, 

 uZ:: Lep 'Cey. voti. P 50. pl- xxv". figs, i, ...... ; x«, /«-« and puM (x8St) ; id.. Godman and Salv.n 



Biol Cent. Am., Rhop., p. 217, n. i (1882) ; Pa^zlio carduclis, Cramer. Pap. Ex., vol. i. pl. xxv,. figs. E. F 

 (177s); "A Cosmopolitan Butterfly," Scudder, Am. Nat. (1876). 



Habitat : Throughout India, Ceylon, the Andamans and Nicobars. 



Expanse: 210 to 275 inches. 



Description : Male and fkmale. « Upperside, botk wings ochreous-red. Fornving vj\i\x 

 the basal area ochreous-brown ; an oblique irregular-shaped angular band, the apical area and 

 exterior border black ; before the apex is a short white oblique band and a curved series of four 

 spots • a pale marginal line ; interspace at end of cell whitish in the female. Bindwiug with the 

 basal Irea, a confluent discal fascia, and the costal border ochreous-biown ; a transverse discal row 

 of five black spots, each spot with slightly paler outer ring, a submarginal row of lunular spots, 

 andamarginal row of larger spots." {Moore, he.) UNDERSlDE,/.r.^z«^, much as above, 

 but the basal area more decidedly red and the apex and outer margin ochreous. some 

 additional black spots in the cell placed just below the subcostal nervure. Mwu,g 

 ochreous richly spottled and marbled with deeper shades of ochreous and brown. An oval 

 spot across the middle of the cell, the five round discal spots as above but developed into 

 ocelli the second and fifth the largest, with blue centres and black outer ring. 



"'LARVA blackish-brown, with a longitudinal pale interrupted line on each side; 

 the segments armed with short branched spines. Feeds on Artemisia J ^^v. tuberculate 

 head bluntly cleft, pale ochreous or brown, more or less spotted with yellow. {Moou, 

 1 c) Mr. Hocking records (ProcZool. Soc. Lond.. 1882. p 240) the larva as fee in g 

 on nettle. Mr. Scudder considers this to be a doubtful food-plant. Mr. E. H. Auken 

 records it as feeding in Bombay " on different species of Blumea, all of which are monsoon 



'""The" following account of the transformations of P. cardui :. taken from a valuable 

 paper by Mr. Samuel Scudder in the "American Naturalist" for July and October. 



*^^^<'The eggs, which are deposited on leaves of plants, vary considerably ; their vertical ribs 

 ranging from fourteen to nineteen, and averaging fifteen and a half to sixteen in number. 

 When about to deposit her eggs, the female alights upon a leaf and moves about w„ 1 rembhrg 

 vviU and body generally on a line with the midnb, until it finds a spot to its taste ; the 



