NYMPIIALID/E. NYMPIIALIN^. VANESSA. 231 



Key to Uis Indian species of Vanessa. 



A. Upperside blue-black, with a broad blue discal band across both wines. 



a. Blue band on hindwing having its inner edsje well removed from apex of cell. 



522. V. CANACE, Himalayas, Malda, Assam, Upper Burrra, 



Malay Peninsula, South India, China, Japan. 



b. Blue band on hindwing having its inner edge touching apex of cell, with a series of blue spots 



beyond. 



523. V. HAKONICA, Ceylon. 



B. Upperside rich dark chestnut, with a broad marginal white or yellow band to both wings. 



524. V. ANTiOPA, North and Central America, Europe, North 



Africa, Central Asia, Sikkim, Japan. 



C. Upperside rich fulvous with black and yellow bands and spots. 



a. Costa of forewing evenly arched throughout. 



a'. Upperside of hindwing with a submarginal series of blue spots. 

 a'. Basal half of hindwing blackish on upperside. 



«■■'. Submarginal black blue-centred spots on upperside of hindwing 

 inwardly bordered with a broad dusky band. Of large size, 

 forewing strongly produced or angled at upper discoidal nervule. 



525. V. CASCHMiRENsis, Himalayas. 



b^. Submarginal black blue-centred spots on upperside of hindwing 

 inwardly bordered with a rich fulvous band. Of smaller size, fore- 

 wing less strongly produced or angled at upper discoidal nervule. 

 326. V. RiZANA, Kunawar, Thibet, Kashmir. 



c^. Submarginal black blue-centred spots on upperside of hindwir>g 

 inwardly bordered with a rich fulvous band, and then a yellow band. 

 Forewing very slightly produced or angled at upper discoidal 

 nervule. 



527. V. LADAKENSIS, Himalayas at great elevations. 



b^. Ground-colour of both wings uniform fulvous throughout on upperside. Of 

 larger size. 



528. V. XANTHOMELAS, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, 



Western Himalayas. 

 i'. Upperside of hindwing with no submarginal series of blue spots. 



529. V. VAU-ALBUM, Eastern Europe, Northern Asia, Kashmir, 



b. Costa of forewing indented at base. 



a*. Upperside pale fulvous, all the markings Small, and with no marginal black band on 

 the upperside- 



530. V. (Grapta*) egea, Europe, Central Asia, Quetta. 



b^. Upperside darker fulvous, often fulvous-red, all the markings larger, a more or less pro 

 minent marginal black band on upperside. 



531. V. (Grapta) c-ALEUM, Europe, Central Asia, Himalayas, 



5"- Vanessa canace, LinnreHs. 



Papilio canace, Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, vol. i, pt. ii, p. 779, n. 173(1767); id., Johanssen, Amnen, 

 Acad., vol. vi, p. 406, n. 68 (1764); P. charonia, Drury, 111. Ex. Ent., vol. i, pi. xv, figs, i, 2 (1770); id., 

 Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. i, pi. xlvii, figs A — C (177s) ; id., Herbst, Pap., pi. clx, figs, i, 2 (1794) ; yanessa 

 charonia, Godart, Enc. M^th., . vol. ix, p. 308, n. 27 (1819); id. Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., i8Si, p. 

 898 ; Papilio kollina, Meerburgh, Afb. Zeldz. Gew., pi. xliii (i775)- 



Habitat ; Himalayas, Malda, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, South India, Amuiland, 

 China, Japan. 



Expanse : 2*5 to 3*2 inches. 



Description: Male. Upperside, ^<7//i 7w//^j deep indigo-blue, crossed by a broad discal 

 paler blue band, which is bifurcated above the third median nervule in the forewing, the outer 

 portion ending in some small whitish spots on the costa, the band gradually increasing in width 

 from the costa to the anal angle, and bearing a series of small black spots between the nervules 



* The generic name Grapta which was established in 1837 should give way to Polygonia, the latter having 

 been used for this group of bulteiflies in iSi6. But as Folygonia has practically never been adopted, I have in 

 accordance with almost universal use retained the former name here. Messrs Godman and Salvin state that 

 "Griipta may be distinguished from I'anessa not only by the curvature ot tlie costa and the creinil.ited margin in 

 both wings, but by the palpi and forelegs being clothed with large densely matted scales." (Biol. Cent. -Am., 

 p. 216). 



