NYMPHALID/E. NYMPHALIN/E. CHARAXES. 277 



band on both -vinos one-fouvth narrower in width [it is slightly wider than in Drury's figure 

 of C. athanias\ the subapical spot on the forewing is smaller [it is larger than in C. 

 athavias\ whereas in C. hamasta this spot is a lengthened square, and in the male there are 

 two smaller apical spots. On the himhumg the submarginal white spots are promment, but 

 there is no outer marginal row of oclireous lunules. Habitat : Mhow and Assnghur in 

 October." Expanse : 2-3 to 2-6 inches. {S'cvuihoe,Vi.'i.) 



The two small subapical spots one above the other in addition to the larger one placed 

 nearer the discal band in the forewing of the male may be considered to be the distinguish. 

 ing character of this form, the other characters given being variable. I have specimens of 

 it from Simla (taken in the spring) and Bangalore. 



It will be seen from an investigation of the localities given above for the different forms 

 of C. athamas that have been described, how extremely erratic ia the distribution of each, 

 and the only conclusion that I can come to after a patient examination of all the facts in 

 conjunction with a very large series of specimens from nearly every part of India, is that 

 there is but one species, C. athamas, which is variable in all the characters which have been 

 taken by different writers in describing the many species which are said to be allied to, but 

 distinct from, the parent species, and that these variations are not confined to any particular 

 geographical ranges of country, nor are they constant. 



"Larva [var. samalha] elongated, thickened in the middle, dark green ; head large, 

 wide, flattened, surmounted by four spinous processes ; last segment with two short naked 

 points ; the segments with an oblique yellowish-white stripe, most prominent on the seventh, 

 ninth, and eleventh segments, beneath these a lateral series of small white spots. Feeds on 

 CcEsalpinia. Pupa cylindrical, back and thorax convex, head truncated, pointed in front ; 

 green, streaked with white." (Moore, 1. c. in Eep. Cey.) Professor Westwood (Gen. 

 Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 308) describes a specimen of the pupa obtained in Java by 

 Dr. Horsfield as follows :—" Short and very much swollen, especially the abdominal portion, 

 and is destitute of any conical protuberances ; the head is very broad, and transversely truncate ; 

 the sides of the body, along the inner margin of the cases of the forewings, are formed into 

 two sharp edges ; the body is terminated by a slender horny appendage, armed at the tip with 

 a great number of minute reflexed hooks, enabling the insect to attach itself to the layer 

 of silken thread it had previously spun on the twig, and at the base of this point are several 

 small rounded tnbercles." Mr. E. A. Minchin informs that the larva of C. athamas feeds 

 in South India on Adenantkera pavonica. 



C. kcbe, C. tfioori and C. jalysits have been described as below* from the Malay Penin. 

 sula. They are all allied to C athamas, but appear to be quite distinct, the discal band in all 

 of them being very wide. They all have a single spot only in the apical region of the forewir.g. 



* Charaxes liebe, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, p. 634, n. 46, pi xxxvii, fig. 3 ; id., Distant, Rhop. 

 Malay P 107 n. 5 pi. xv, fig. 2, ;««/*r (1833, Habitat: Province Wellesley. Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo. 

 Expanse'- 2-8" to 3-2 inches. Uesckiption : - Uii-sksidk. >?rrw«^ with the basal half, except the cell, 

 pale greenish ; base and inner margin ochreous ; cell grey, brownish in front ; apical half dark brown, with 

 a ereen oval spot half way between the end of the cell and the apex. Hindivius pale greenish, ba.se grey ; 

 inner margin brownish ochreous : outer margin grey, with brown marginal edge and tvyo submarginal rows 

 of black spots with white spots between them ; a narrow blue line down each of the tai s. ^ody luscous , 

 thorax »rey ; head spotted with ochreous ; antennic brown, tipped with red. U.n'drkmoe pale reddish brown ; 

 outer margin deeper-coloured; a broad medial greenish silky patch, rounded in front, widest at the inner 

 margin of the forewing in the hindwing angn.ated at the median nervure and abruptly tapering to a point 

 at the third median nervule. margined with rich brown, and outwardly by a row of reddish spots extending Irom 

 near the apex ot the fore to the anal angle ol the hindwing, lunulate from the middle of the fore to the anal 

 angle of the hind^ mg, the lunnle at the angle of the medial patch margined inwardly with white and outwardly 

 wifh blue those below it margined with blue inwardly ; a greenish oval spot on the forewing as above ; a black 

 line near the base, crossing the cells obliquely ; t«o black lunules on the lower part of the abdominal told ; a 

 submarginal row of small black spots _ and a blue and yellow line along the outer margin of the hindwing. 

 Tails brown. Body brownish ochreous " , , r • • u a a 



•' This insect is closely allied to C. atlutmas, but is much more robust ; the forewing is much more rounded 

 and longer, the sinuation of the outer margin is not so deep and the wing is more obliquely slanted inwards 

 at the anal angle ; the apex is very much rounded ; the hindwing is longer, and the outer tail half as long 

 again as the inner one ; underneath, the medial band is very much furtuer from the outer margin, only extending 

 to the end of the cell." (lintler,\.c.) . . , . , • 1 u . r 



The specimen from Malacca Mr Distant has figured '■ is interesting as showing the varietal character of 

 the colour of the marginal spots to the hindwing. In a Province Wellesley specimen these spots are as pale as in 

 the iumatran type figured by INIr. butler." (Distant, 1. c.) 



Cliaraxcs vioori, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 108, n. 6, pi. xiii. fig. 3, ;««/« (1S83). Habitat: Province 

 Wellesley Excanse : Mat,-, 37 inches. Desckii-tion : '• Male Uiieksiue as in C. lube, but the Jotewing 

 with the apex narrower and less produced, the outer black marking narrower, not extending so far luwardly on 



