NYMPHALID/E. NYMPIIALIN^E. CIIARAXES- 281 



has sent it from Orissa, Colonel Swinhoe records it from " Poona, February, April and 

 November ; Belgaum ; Bombay, November ;" it occurs throughout South India to Travancore. 

 and Captain Wade captured it in Ceylon " at Dambool and Kandy. Not very common." 

 Mr, E. A. Minchin informs me that the larva feeds on the Tamarind tree. 



C. echo is a closely-allied species which has been recorded from Singapore and Borneo. 

 It differs chiefly from C. Jabius in having the discal pale yellow band of the hindwing on the 

 upperside very narrow and its edges very straight and even, the discal series of spots on the 

 forevving consisting of seven instead of eight spots, the upper one being wanting, and only 

 three marginal dots on the forewing at the anal angle. A description of it is appended* 



The remaining species belong to the genus Haridra,\ Moore ; in all of them the ground- 

 colour is bright fulvous, and the outer margin of the forewing more or less broadly black, the 

 tails of the hindwing are very slightly developed in the males, more highly developed and 

 more or less spatulate in the females. Many of the species have a broad pale discal band within 

 the black border, sometimes pale yellow, but generally more or less completely suffused 

 with white. 



The first five species of this group are easily distinguished by the ground-colour in both 

 sexes being pale fulvous throughout, the marginal black band is narrow as compared with 

 all the other species, and within it is a submarginal narrow black line, sometimes widening 

 out and coalescing with the marginal band towards the costa. 



571- Oliarazes marmas, Westwood. 



C. mnrmax, Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent.. p. 43. pi. xxi, male dind/emale (1848); id., Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 

 Lond., 1865, p. 636, n. 57 ; id., Moore, id., 1878, p. 831, 



Habitat : Sikkim, Assam, Sylhet, Upper Tenasserim (Moolai, 3,000 to 6,000 feet). 



Expanse : <? , 3*0 to 3-8 ; ? , 4-30 to 475 inches. 



Description: "Upperside, 3c//i wm^j of a rich orange colour, the middle portion 

 in the female being [slightly] paler than the rest of the wing, with some small black spots 

 forming two patches near the costa in the middle of the foraviiig (connected in the female with 

 a row of dusky lunules); beyond the middle of the forewing is a row of dusky lunules follow- 

 ed by a marginal series of large black confluent spots ; the hindzving is marked beyond the 

 middle with an irregular row of black spots, mostly wedge-shaped, each bearing in the female 

 [sometimes also in the male] a small white spot. Underside, both loings of a fulvous or 

 yellow buff colour, varied towards the base with darker irregular fascice edged by thin black 

 lines which are also margined with greyish white. The hindwing has a dark grey transverse 



* Charaxes echo, Butler, Ann. and JNIag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. xx, p. 400. pi. viii, figs. 5, 6 (1867) ; 

 id., Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 346, n. i ; id , Distant, Rhop. RIalay., p. 103, n. i (with a 

 woodcut), 1883 ; Nyvtfihalis fabiits, var. c, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 269 (1871). Hauitat : Singapore, Borneo. 

 ExPANSs : 2'8i inches. Descrii-tiom. "Upperside blackish-fuscous, slightly greenish at the base. Fore- 

 "witi^ whh a discal series of seven decreasing fulvous spots; two spots beyond the cell placed obliquely and 

 three marginal anal dots fulvous. Hindwing with a slender medi.in fascia, seven oval subinarginal dots 

 and eleven angular marginal dots fulvous ; the inner margin greyish-fuscous. Body with the thorax blackish- 

 fuscous, the abdomen fuscous. Antciiiue black. Underside rosy-whitish, outwardly slightly fuscescent. 

 Fore7uin^ yj'xih three discoidal lines and two below the cell black ; the discal spots as on upperside, inwardly 

 defined with black ; the spot of the upperside beyond the cell enlarged forming a fascicle : a series of sub- 

 marginal spots (distinct only near the anal angle) all yellow; two or three spots joined with these subanal 

 ones, oval, black, the anal one geminate. H indwing with a basal areole and a median fascia whitish 

 defined with black, this also inwardly margined with silver; seven lunulate furruginous spots, three lower 

 larger, more rufescent, all inwardly banded with bluish-white and defined with black ; a black subanal line ; 

 seven marginal spots blue, lined with black, and defined outwardly with yellow, inwardly with whice Body 

 ochraceous, the thorax in the middle and the f'alfii, whitish. Antcnnce black." ' 



'' Allied to C. iani/iedo, Hijbner (Samml. Ex. Schmett , vol. ii, pi. lii, figs. 3, 4), but smaller, the forewing 

 more angular, the hindwing with short obliquely-placed tails, the bands narrower and dilTerently placed " 

 (Butler, 1. c.j 



_ " This is a so-called " variety," or more correctly designated " local race " of C. fabius, Fabricius of 

 which several other closely-allied forms or " local races " have been described." {Disttnt, \. z ) ' 



t Genus Haridra, Moore. "Similar inform and venation to CZ/rt^^ r« ; hindwing more convex exter- 

 nally, costal margin shorter, costal tien'urc more curved ; a short tail only from end of the upper medi.in 

 nervule." (Moo'e,\. c.) 'Xhe discoidal cell is closed by a. {\ne lower disco cellular ner^'itle yKhxch reaches \\\s 

 median nervure at the point where the second median nervule is given oflf. The hindwing has a distinct tooth 

 or short tail at the termination of the lower median nervule. 



36 



