J 
Cen. J URTICACEE. Ae ae 
hard, smooth or rugose. Seed with a membranous testa, albumen 
scanty or none, embryo curved ; cotyledons broad, inflexed flat or 
replicate, surrounding the upcurved radicle.—Species about 60, 
in temperate and tropical regions chiefly in the N. Hemisphere. 
C. australis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1043; Brandis For. Fl. 428, t. 50* 
Ind. Trees 595; F. B. I. V., 482; Watt, E. D.; Kanjilal For: 
Fl. (ed. 2), 360; Gamble Man. 629; Collett Fl. Siml. 455. C- 
caucasica, Willd. ; J. L. Stewart in Journ. Agri.-Hort. Soc. Ind. 
xiii, pt. 3, 299.—Vern. Kharak, kharak-chena (Dehra Dun).— 
Nettle-tree. 
A medium-sized deciduous tree with bluish-grey or brown bark which 
is often speckled with whitish dots and in large trees horizontally 
wrinkled ; branchlets drooping ; young branches, leaves and petioles 
more or less hairy. Leaves 3-5 in. long, obliquely ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate or entire towards the base, rough 
and coriaceous when full-grown, dark-green and glabrous on upper 
surface ; base acute or rounded, sometimes oblique and with 3 strong 
nerves, midrib penninerved above ; petioles } in., stipules subulate, 
shorter than petioles, caducous. Flowers pale-yellow, the females 
in the upper axils, long-pedicelled rather larger than the males. Sepals 
oblong, with woolly margins, deciduous. Ovary woolly. Drupe 
yellowish or black, ovoid or subglobose, } in. in diam. or less, ite 
pedicel 4-2 in., putamen rugose. 
Dehra Dun, both planted and self-sown; it is probably wild in the 
forests of N. Oudh, (Wallich, Duthie ; and in the Bijnor forests 
of Rohilkhand (Stewart). Flowers March-May, often before the 
leaves appear. DistTris.: W. Himalaya eastwards to Nepal up to 
8,000 ft. ; Punjab, on the Salt range ; extending to Chitral, Afghan- 
istan, Baluchistan, and westwards to S. Europe. The wood is strong 
and tough and is used in the manufacture of oars, whip-handles ; 
agricultural implements, etc. In the south of France and in Spain 
the tree is much cultivated for such purposes. The sweet fruit is 
sometimes eaten, and the leaves are much used for fodder. The 
villagers on the lower slopes of the North-West Himalaya very 
frequently store their winter supplies of fodder in the forks of the 
branches of this tree. 
3. TREMA, Lour. ; FI. Brit. Ind. V, 483. 
Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, 3-7-nerved at the base; 
stipules lateral, caducous. Flowers moncecious subdicecious or 
