's 
Casvartva.]  OASUARINACEEZ. 163 
when ripe. This tree is indigenous on the sandy sea-coasts of 
Chittagong and Burma, also in the islands of the Indian Archi- 
pelago and in N. Australia, where it is known as the “ Beefwood 
tree.” It is cultivated largely all over India, and thrives well as far 
north as Saharanpur and Ambala. The wood is of a reddish colour 
and resembles in texture that of Cedrela Toona, but is very hard, 
and difficult to work. It is chiefly used for fuel. The tree is very 
useful in the reclamation of land near the sea and is much valued in 
the Madras and Bombay Presidencies for planting on sand-dunes 
along the coasts of Coromandel and N. Kanara. 
CII. CUPULIFERZ, 
Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, penni nerved, serrate 
or entire, rarely lobed; stipules free, usually caducous. Flowers 
minute, moncecious, males in erect or pendulous catkins or spikes, 
rarely capitate ; females in spikes or heads or solitary, bracts some- 
times forming an involucre. MALE flowers: Sepals 1-5, free con- 
nate or obsolete. Stamens 2-20, on a hairy receptacle or adnate 
to the base of the sepals. Frm. flowers: Sepals connate in a 
perianth adnate to the ovary or none, limb minute. Ovary 2-3-, 
rarely 4-6-celled, styles or style-arms as many as the cells; ovules 
1 or 2, collateral, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit a nut included 
within or in the axil of often greatly enlarged, sometimes involu- 
crate bracts. Seed usually solitary by abortion, pendulous, albu- 
men none; cotyledons plano-convex, sometimes rugose or rumi- 
nate, radicle superior.—Species about 400, chiefly in N. temperate 
regions. 
QUERCDS, Linn. ; F]. Brit. Ind. v, 600, 
Trees or shrubs, ‘deciduous or evergreen. Leaves alternate, 
simple, penni nerved, stipules fugacious. Flowers small, moncecious ; 
males in pendulous or erect spikes, bracts small; females in erect 
spikes, rarely androgynous, bracts involucrate. Mate flowers: 
Perianth campanulate, 4-7-lobed or -partite. Stamens 6-12, fila- 
ments slender ; anthers erect, ovate, the cells contiguous. Pistillode 
hairy or none. Ferm. flowers: Perianth adnate to the ovary and 
enclosed within imbricate bracts; limb very minute, lobed or 
