CLASS IL. 
GYMNOSPERMS. 
CV.—CONIFERZ, 
Trees or shrubs, wood-cells studded with disks, Leaves usually 
alternate, .rigid, linear or subulate, rarely broad, solitary or fas- 
cicled in membranous sheaths. Flowers monecious or dicecious ; 
males in deciduous catkins ; females solitary or incones. Perianth 
none. Mare flowers: slamens many, filaments connate in a 
globose ovoid oblong or cylindric column; anthers 1- or more- celled, 
shortly stipitate or sessile round the axis of the column. FEMALE 
flowers:  vules one or more, sessile, naked, usually orthotropous, 
J~seated on a scale (an open carpel) which is free or adnate to the 
scale (bract) of a cone, Seeds often winged, testa thick or thin ; 
albumen dense, fleshy; embryo axile, straight ; cotyledons 2 or 
—_ more; radicle terete, often attached to a crumpled thread-like 
\ suspensor.—Species about 350, chiefly in cold regions, rare in Trop. 
Africa aud America, absent in the W. Peninsula of Indi? and in 
Ceylon. 
7) PINUS, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. 651. 
Evergreen moncecious trees. Leaves dimorphic, the primary 
consisting of smal] membranous scales ; secondary linear, in clusters 
of 2 or 3 or 5 in the axils of the primary, clusters girt at the base 
— by a sheath of hyaline scales. Mare flowers in spikes. Staminal 
\ column ovoid, oblong or cylindric ; anthers in many series, shortly 
\ stipitate. 2-celled, connective produced at the apex. FEMALE 
cones globose or ovoid, bracts spirally imbricate, ovuliferous scale 
\ much Jarger than the bracts; ovules 2, at the base of the scale, 
reflexed. Ripe cone ovoid or oblong, bracts obsolete or small ; 
— scales persistent, formed of the enlarged thickened usually woody 
_“ ovolferous scales the tips of which are often square and with a 
._4 boss. See’s 2, reversed, usually winged, the wing forned by the 
adhesion of the hard testa to « thin separable layer of the scale, 
B 
A OA \A 
WEW 1 
BOTAN 
GARI 
