170 CONIFER. { Pinus. 
cotyledons 2 or more.—Species about 70, confined to the N. Hemis- 
phere. 
P. longifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 651; Royle Ill. 353, t, 85, 
f. 1 ; Brandis For. Fl. 506 ; Ind. Trees 690 ; F. B. I. V, 652 ; Wait 
Comm. Prod. Ind. 889 ; Kanjilal For. Fl. (ed. 2). 431 ; Gamble Man. 
706 ; Collett Fl. Siml. 485, fig. 158—Vern. Chir, chil (W. Him.), 
dhup (Oudh).—Long-leaved pine. 
A large more or less deciduous tree with symmetrical branches high 
up on the trunk and forming a rounded head of light foliage. Bark 
rough, reddish-brown outside, dark-red within, cut by deep fissures 
into large irregular thin plates. Leavesin clusters of three, 9-12 in. 
or longer, linear, slender, subtriquetrous. Sheaths persistent, 
fimbriate, greyish-brown. Male-spikes ovoid, cylindric, about } in. 
long. Fertile cones on short stiff stalks, spreading or recurved, 
solitary or in whorls of 3-5, ovoid-conical, 4-7 in. long when mature 
and about 3 in. in diam. above the base. Scales 14-2 in. long and 
3 in. broad ; apex much thickened and with a 4-6-lobed tip which 
is beaked in the centre. Seeds, including wing, 3-1 in. long ; its 
wing obliquely oblanceolate, obtuse ; cotyledons about 12. 
Wild on the Saharanpur Siwalik range at 2-3,000 ft.’ It is culti- 
vated in Dehra Dun and in many other places within the northern 
portion of the Upper Gangetic Plain. The tree flowers February 
to April, and the seeds are shed during the hot weather of the 
following year. The cones remain on the branches long after the 
seeds have been shed. Distris.: Outer Himalayan ranges and in 
the valleys of the principal rivers from the Indus to Bhutan at eleva- 
tions between 2,000 and 7,500 ft., reaching its highest altitude in 
Kumaon. In Sikkim and Bhutan it rarely rises to over 3,000 ft. 
The tree is gregarious in the Western Himalaya, where it forms pure 
forests over very extensive areas. The resin obtained from the 
sapwood of this tree is the most important of its products, which 
include tar, turpentine, colophany and charcoal as bye-products. 
The quantity of resin obtained per individual tree is much larger 
as compared with that of the ‘ Blue pine’ (Pinus excelsa), but the 
quality is somewhat inferior. The timber is largely used by the 
hill men for building and other purposes. It is not very durable, 
especially when exposed to wet, and it is very liable both to insect 
and fungoid attacks, and is altogether inferior to that of the ‘ Blue 
pine.’ This latter tree (P. excelsa) occurs abundantly in the Temp. 
Himalaya at elevations between 6,000 and 12,500 ft., extending 
from Kafristan on the west to Sikkim and Bhutan eastwards, 
except for certain gaps in Central and N.-W. Kumaon.—For 
