White and Greenish 



with them. This plastering over of insects' eyes by the orchids 

 might be serious business, indeed, were not the lepidoptera gifted 

 with numerous pairs. The fragrance of many orchids, however, 

 would be a sufficient guide even to a blind insect. With the 

 pollen-masses sticking to his forehead, the moth enters another 

 flower and necessarily rubs off some grains from the pollen- 

 masses, that have changed their attitude during his flight that they 

 may be in the precise position to fertilize the viscid stigma. In 

 almost the same way the similar yellow-fringed orchis {H. ciliaris) 

 I and the great green orchids compel insects to work for them. 



C"!' 's "^ A larger-flowered species, the Prairie White-fringed Orchis 



^ ' {H. Ic'icophea), found in bloom in June and Julv, on moist, open 



ground from western New York to Minnesota and Arkansas, 

 differs from the preceding chiefly in having larger and greenish- 

 white flowers, the lip cleft into wedge-shaped segments deeply 

 frino^ed. The hawk-moth removes on its tongue one, but not often 

 both, of the pollinia attached to disks on eithersideof the entrance 

 to the spur. 



0},jo 



Nodding- Ladies' Tresses or Traces 



^ ' * ' {Gyrostachys ceniua) Orchid family 



{Spirauthes cernua of Gray) 



Flowers — Small, white or yellowish, without a spur, fragrant, nod- 

 ding or spreading in 3 rows on a cylindrical, slightly twisted 

 spike 4 or s in. long. Side sepals free, the upper ones 

 arching, and united with petals ; the oblong, spreading lip 

 crinkle-edged, and bearing minute, hairy callosities at base. 

 Stem: 6 in. to 2 ft. tall, with several pointed, wrapping bracts. 

 Leaves : From or near the base, linear, almost grass-like. 



Preferred Habitat— \^0^ meadows, ditches, and swamps. 



Ftowerifig Season — July — October. 



Distribution — Nova Scotia to the Gulf of Mexico, and westward 

 to the Mississippi. 



This last orchid of the season, and perhaps the commonest of 

 its interesting tribe in the eastern United States, at least, bears 

 flowers that, however insignificant in size, are marvellous pieces 

 of mechanism, to which such men as Charles Darwin and Asa 

 Gray have devoted hours of study and, these two men particu- 

 larly, much correspondence. 



Just as a woodpecker begins at the bottom of a tree and taps 

 his way upward, so a bee begins at the lower and older flowers 

 on a spike and works up to the vounger ones ; a fact on which 

 this little orchid, like mnnv another plant that arranges its blos- 

 soms in long racemes, depends. Let us not note for the present 



166 



