32 THE FLOWER. 
forms of floral structure which occur, we shall be able to trace 
out the features of the general plan, even among the widest de- 
viations, and to learn the nature and causes of these deviations. 
Some of them are the following. 
a. One or more additional whorls of the same organ may have been developed. For 
example, the flower of the Trillium, which, as in most liliaceous plants, is trim- 
erous (ees, three, and egos, part) in its parts, has 6 stamens, evidently in two 
whorls, and in the flower of the cherry (No. 2,) there are 20 stamens, which may 
be regarded as arranged in four whorls of fives. Other illustrations will occur 
to the student. s 
b. Some of the entire whorls may have been suppressed. For example, in the 
primrose there are 5 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens, but the stamens are placed 
opposite the petals. This is to be attributed to the absence of an intermediate 
whorl of stamens, for in the Samolus, a plant of the same natural order, there is 
a circle of sterile filaments in the place of the absent stamens (Fig. 5; 3, 4). 
c. Some of the parts of a whorl may have been suppressed. Such deficiencies are 
very common. In the sage, for example, and Monarda, three of the stamens are 
wanting, in place of which are two rudimentary filaments, and the third rudiment 
makes its appearance in some allied genera. In most of the Labiate but one 
stamen is wanting (Fig. 5;5). In the carrot, caraway, and all the Umbellifers, 
the pistils are reduced from 5, the normal number, to 2. 
d. The parts of the same whorl may have been united. ‘Thus the sepals may be 
united at their edges in different degrees, as in the phlox, pink, &e. Or the petals 
may be thus united, as in the morning glory: or the stamens, as in the mallows 
tribe; or the pistils, which is extremely common. In short, scarcely a flower can 
be found in which some of these cohesions do not occur. 
e. The organs of different whorls may have been conjoined, causing great disturb- 
ances in the symmetry of the flower. The calyx often, as in the currant, coheres 
with the whole surface of the ovarium (97), only becoming free at the summit, so 
that it seems to stand upon it. Itis then said (but improperly) to be superior. 
Again, the stamens adhere to the petals in their lower part, so as to appear to 
grow out of them; they are then said (improperly) to be imserted into the corolla. 
In the Orchis tribe the stamens are consolidated with the pistil. The term free 
is used in opposition to these adhesions, just as the term distinct is used in oppo- 
sition to the cohesion of the same organs with each other. 
f. The organs of the same whorl may have been unequally developed. 'This is the 
case in the corollas of the pea and bean tribes, called papilionaceous (Lat. papilio, 
a butterfly), and in those of the mint tribe called labiate (Lat. labium, a lip). 
g. Again, organs of one kind may have been reconverted into those of another kind, 
or into leaves. Such monstrosities are of frequent occurrence among cultivated 
plants, and may be regarded as proofs of the present doctrine of the floral struc- 
ture. In all double flowers, as the rose, peony, tulip, &c., the stamens have been 
reconverted into petals. By still further changes, all parts of the flower tend 
towards a leafy character, rendering the resemblance of the flower to an undevel- 
