14 INTRODUCTION 
6. Finally, in its extended sense, Botany comprehends, also, 
the knowledge of the relations of plants to the other depart- 
ments of nature, particularly to mankind. The ultimate aim of 
its researches is, the development of the boundless resources 
of the vegetable kingdom for our sustenance, protection, and 
enjoyment; for the healing of our diseases, and the alleviation 
of our wants and woes. 
7. This extensive department of Natural History, therefore, 
justly claims a large share of the attention of every individual, 
not only on account of the aid it affords to horticulture, to the 
employments of rural life, and to the healing art, but also for the 
intellectual and moral culture, which, among other kindred 
sciences, it is capable of imparting in an eminent degree. 
a. No science more effectually combines pleasure with improvement, than 
Botany. It conducts the student into the fields and forests, amidst the verdure 
of spring, and the bloom of summer;—to the charming retreats of Nature, in 
her wild Inxuriance, or where she patiently smiles under the improving hand 
of cultivation. It furnishes him with vigorous exercise, both of body and mind, 
which is no less salutary than agreeable, and its subjects of investigation are all 
such as are adapted to please the eye, refine the taste, and improve the heart. 
8. The natural world, by distinctions sufficiently obvious, is 
divided into three great departments, commonly called the 
MINERAL, VEGETABLE, and ANIMAL KINGDOMS. 
a. Vegetables, or plants, hold an intermediate position between animals and 
minerals: while they are wanting in both the intelligence and instinet of the 
former, they are endowed with a physical organization, and a living principle, 
whereby they are remarkably distinguished above the latter; they constitute the 
ultimate nourishment and support of the one, the vesture and ornament of the 
other. 
9. A mineral is an inorganic mass of matter, that is, without 
distinction of parts or organs. A stone, for example, may be 
broken into any number of fragments, each of which will retain 
all the essential characters of the original body, so that each 
fragment will still be a stone. | 
10. A plant is an organized body, endowed with vitality but 
not with sensation, composed of distinct parts, each of which is 
essential to the completeness of its being. A geranium is com- 
posed of organs, which may be separated or subdivided indefi- 
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