68 THE ROOT. 
in Natural Philosophy, discovered by Dutrochet, which bears so strong a resem- 
blance to absorption in Physiology, that late writers are generally agreed in ex- 
plaining the latter by the former. It is, briefly, as follows: 
a. Let the broad end of a tunnel-shaped glass be firmly covered with a piece of 
bladder, and the cavity within be filled with a solution of gum or sugar. If now 
the outer surface of the bladder be immersed in water, a passage of fluid will take 
place through the membrane into the glass, so that the volume of the solution 
will be much increased, while at the same time there will be a current in the 
opposite direction, the solution within passing into the water without, but in a 
much smaller quantity. If, on the other hand, the glass be filled with water and 
immersed in the solution, it will be partly emptied by this action. The principal 
current is termed ENDOSMOSE (flowing inwards), and the other EXOsMOsE (flow- 
ing outwards). 
159. From the above experiment, and others of a similar nature, it is justly 
inferred, that the conditions requisite for the action of these two currents are, two 
fluids of different densities, separated by a porous septum, or partition. Wherever 
these conditions exist, the current exists also. 
a. Now these conditions exist in the root. The spongiole is the porous sep- 
tum; the water around it is one of the fluids, and the other is the fluid within, 
rendered dense by the admixture of the descending sap elaborated by the leaves. 
Now if the absorption be the endosmose resulting from these conditions, there must 
be the counter current, the exosmose, also. ‘That'this is actually the case, is proved 
by the fact that the peculiar products of the species may always be detected in 
the soil about the roots of the plant, and also, that a plant grown in water, always 
communicates some of its peculiar properties to the fluid in which it is im- 
mersed. ; 
160. The use of absorption in the vegetable economy is not merely the intro- 
duction of so much water into the plant, but to obtain for its growth those min- 
eral substances held in solution by the water, which constitute an important part 
of its food. 
a. Now in accomplishing this object, the roots seem to be endowed with a cer- 
tain power of selection or choice, which has not been satisfactorily explained. 
Thus, if wheat be grown in the same soil with the pea, the former will select the 
silex along with the water which it absorbs, for the construction of the more solid 
parts of its stem; while the latter will reject the silex, and appropriate to its use 
the calcareous matter which the water holds in solution. 
b. The flowing of the sap from incisions, in early spring, depends upon the 
excess of absorption over exhalation. After the decay of the leaves in autumn, and 
the consequent cessation of exhalation, —the rootlets, being deep in the ground, 
below the influence of the frost, continue their action for a time, and an accumu- 
lation of sap in the vegetable takes place. Also, in early spring, before the leaves 
are developed, this action recommences, and the plant becomes gorged with sap, 
so that it will flow from incisions, as in the sugar-maple. But this flowing ceases 
as soon as the buds expand into leaves and flowers. 
