216 XLVI /RHAMNACER, RHAMNUS. 
minal; fls. diecious—A climbing shrub in woods and thickets, the stems 
twining about other trees or each other, ascending to a great height. Leaves 
alternate, stipulate, petiolate, smooth. Flowers in small racemes, greenish-' 
white. Seeds covered with a scarlet aril, and contained in a 3-valved capsule,’ 
continuing upon the stem through the winter. Jn. 
3. EVONYMUS. . 
Calyx flat, of 5, (sometimes 4 or 6) united sepals; corolla flat, in- 
serted on the outer margin of a glandular disk; stamens 5, with 
short filaments; capsule colored, 5-angled, 5-celled, 5-valved ; seeds 
ariled.— Shrubs, erect or trailing, with opposite leaves. 
1. E. arropurpurevs. Jacq. Spindle Tree. Burning Bush. - 
Branches smooth ; /vs. elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, puberulent 
beneath; ped. compressed, many-flowered; fs. usually pentamerous.—A 
smooth shrub, 4—10f high, in shady woods, U.S. E. of the Miss. Leaves 2— 
5’ long, 3 as wide, mostly acute at base, on petioles 3—1’ long. Peduncles op- 
posite, slender, 1—23’ long, each with a cyme of 3—6 flowers. Corolla dark- 
peels, ng 23’ diam. Capsule crimson,smooth. Seeds covered ina bright 
red aril. Jn. 
2. E. AMericanus. Burning Bush. 
Branches smooth, 4-angled ; /vs. oval and elliptic-lanceolate, subentire at 
Margin, acuminate, acute or obtuse at apex, smooth; ped. round, about 3-flow- 
ered; fis. mostly pentamerous.—Shrub of smaller size than the preceding, with 
small leaves, in moist woods, U. 8S. and Can. Leaves 3—2’ long, 3 as wide, 
coriaceous. Peduncles longer than the leaves, 2, 3, or 4-flowered. Flowers a 
little larger than in No. 1, yellow and pink, the parts in 3s, 4s or 5s. Capsule 
dark red, warty. Seeds with a bright red aril. Jn. ; 
- 3. E. Evrop#us.—Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous; ped. com- 
ressed, 3-flowered; fls. usually tetrandrous.—Native of Europe. A handsome 
shrub, 4—12f high, sometimes found in shrubberies, although certainly not su- 
perior in elegance to E. Americanus. May—Jl. 
Orpver XLVI. RHAMNACEA.—Boucxtuorns. 
Shrubs or trees, often spiny. Leaves simple, alternate. Stipules minute or 0. 
Fis. small, axillary or terminal, greenish, sometimes dicecious. 
Cal.—Sepals 4 or 5, united at base, valvate in estivation. __ ‘ ; 
Cor.—Petals 4 or 5, distinct, cucullate or convolute, inserted into the orifice of the calyx, sometimes 0. 
Sia. opposite the petals, 4or5. | 4 
Ova. superior, or half superior, with an erect ovale in eaeh cell. : : 
Fr. a capsule, drupe or berry. 
Genera 42, species 250, distributed throughout all countries, except those in the frigid zones. Many 
are native of the U. States. Ceanothus is peculiar to N. America, : 
Poperties.—The berries of many species of Rhamnus are violent purgatives. The Zizyphus Jujuba, 
yields —_ well-known jujube paste of the shops. The leaves of Ceanothus have been used as a sub- 
stitute for tea. 
Genera. 
Calyx free from the ovary ; petals plane; flowers minute. . . . «.« + «+ «+ Rhamnus. 1 
Calyx adherent to the ovary at base; petals unguiculate. . . . . « ~. « Ceanothus. 2 
1RHAMNUS. , ; 
Calyx urceolate, 4—5-cleft ; petals 4—5, emarginate, inserted upon 
the calyx; ovary free, 2—4-celled; styles 2—4, more or less united ; 
fruit drupaceous. 3—4-seeded.— Small trees or shrubs. Lws. mostly 
alternate. ls. minute. 
1. R. carnarticus. Buckthorn. 
Shrub erect, with thorny branches; /vs. ovate, doubly serrate; fis. tetran- 
drous, 9 8 diand Q J, fasicled; fr. subglobose, 4-seeded—A shrub, 10—15f 
high, in mountains and woods, Mass. and N. Y., rare. Leaves nearly smooth, 
1—2’ long, 3 as wide, in crowded clusters at the ends of the branchlets. Leg 
small, numerous, green. Sepals reflexed, petals entire. Fruit black, icone 
and with the inner bark, powerfully cathartic, This shrub is sometimes use 
for hedges. + 
