LXXIl. RUBIACEE. 303 
Jong. Cymes large, on peduncles an inch or two in length, with caducous bracts. 
Flowers numerous, white. Berries dark blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, 
sweetish when ripe. June. 
8. cassinoides. (V.pyrifolium. Lam.) Lvs.ovate, oval or often rhomboidal, 
acuminate, acute, obtuse or even emarginate on the same twig; margin finely 
serrate; fr. oblong-ovoid. 
8. .V.PRUNIFOLIUM. Black Haw. (Sloe. 
Zas. smooth, roundish-obovate, acutely serrate, with uncinate teeth; peti- 
ales margined with straight, narrow wings.—In woods and thickets, N. Y. to Ga. 
A shrub or small tree, 10—20f high, the branches spreading, some of them often 
stinted and naked, giving the plant an unthrifty aspect. Leaves about 2’ long 
and nearly as wide, on short petioles, slightly margined. Cymes rather large, 
terminal, sessile. Flowers white, succeeded by oval, blackish berries which are 
sweet and eatable. June. 
9. V.DENTATUM. <Arrow-wood. 
Nearly smooth; dvs. roundish-ovate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, on long 
stalks; cymes pedunculate—A. shrub, 8—12f high, not uncommon in damp 
woods and thickets,Can.to Ga. It is called arrow-wood from the long, straight, 
slender branches or young shoots. Leaves roundish, 2—3/ diam., the upper 
air oval, the veins beneath prominent, parallel and pubescent in their axils. 
Sewers white, succeeded by small, roundish, dark blue berries. June. 
10. V. pupescens. Downy Viburnum. 
Iws. ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, subplicate, villous beneath and 
somewhat hairy above, on short stalks; stipules 2, subulate; cymes pedunculate; 
fr. oblong.—In dry, rocky woods and thickets, Can. to Car. rare. A shrub, 
about 6f high. Leaves about 2’ long, each with a pair of short, hairy, subulate 
appendages (stipular?) at the base of the very short petiole. Cymes small, few- 
flowered. Flowers rather larger than those of the foregoing species, white. Jn. 
‘11..V. Tinus. Leurestine-—Lwvs. ovate, entire, their veins with hairy tufts 
beneath An exceedingly beautiful evergreen shrub, from Europe. Height 
4—5f. Leaves acute, veiny, dark shining green above, paler beneath. Flowers 
white, tinged with red, very showy. Degrees of pubescence variable. 
Orper LXXIL RUBIACEA.—Mapperworts. 
Trees. shrubs, and herbs. Lvs. opposite, sometimes verticillate, entire. 
Stip. between the petioles, sometimes resembling the leaves. _ 
Cal.—Tube more or less adherent (superior or half-superior), limb 4—5-cleft. 
Cor. regular, inserted upon the calyx tube, and of the same number of divisions. 
Sta. inserted upon the tube of corolla, equalin number and.alternate with its segments. 
Ova. 2- (rarely more) celled. Style single or partly divided. 
Fr. various. Seeds one, few or many in each cell. : 
Genera 299, species 2982. It is generally divided into two Suborders, viz., Stellate and Cinchoneg@, to 
which a third, Loganiee (which has no representatives at the North) is appended by Torrey and Gray. 
The species of the first Suborder, Stellate, are common in the northern parts of both continents; the . 
two other Suborders chiefly prevail in warm or torrid regions. 
Properties.—A very important family, furnishing many useful products. The madder, one of the most 
important of dyes, is furnished by the root of Rubia tinctoria. A similar coloring matter is possessed by 
several species of Galium. Among the Cinchoneeé we find Cinchona and Cephielis furnishing two of 
the most valuable of all medicines. Peruvian bark, a powerful febrifuge, well known and appreciated 
everywhere, is the product of several species of the former, viz., Cinchona micranthia, C. condaminea, 
C. lanceolata, C. magnifolia, &c., all natives of Peru. Their febrifugal properties depend upon the pres- 
ence of two alkalies, Cimchonia and Quinia, both combined with Kinic acid. Ipecacuanha, the prince 
of all emetics, is the product of the root of CephielisIpecacuanha, a little shrubby plant with creeping 
roots, in the damp forests of Brazil. Several other species of Cinchonez afford substitutes for the true 
ipecac. : i 
Coffee is the hard albumen of the seeds of Coffea Arabica, a tree of moderate size, with a light brown 
trunk and a conical shaped head. Leaves shining, light green. Flowers white, fragrant. The berries 
are black when ripe. Coffee is said to have been used in Ethiopia from time immemorial. In Paris and 
London it seems not to have been in general use earlier than the year 1700, but since that time, enough 
has been drank in Europe and America to float the British navy. 
“Conspectus of the Genera. 
( Leaves (and interpetiolar leaf-like stipules) in verticilsa. . . . Galiwm. 1 
f Ovary with 2 corollas! - a . 3 . Mitchella. 2 
Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. . Hedyotis. 3 
Ovary 4 Carpels 2, 1-seeded, 1 indehiscent. . Spermacoce. 4 
Leaves eae simple. 5 
: I Carpels 2, 1-seeded, both indehiscent. Diodia. 
adherent. Lopposite. ¢ Shrubs, with flowers in globose heads. . . . . Cephalanthus.6 
Onan nearly free Ge calyx. Leaves opposite. Best Sot ehias we re Spigeita, 7 
6 
