492 ‘OX XIV. CUPULIFERZ. Quzacus. 
Western States, generally growing in the vicinity of rivers. Rare east of the 
Alleghanies. It more nearly resembles C. alba than any other oe Itisa 
large tree, 50—70f high. The bark is divided into long strips which at length 
are attached only by the middle, narrower and of a lighter color than C. alba. 
Leaves 10—20’ in length, composed of 7, or more frequently 9 leaflets. Sterile 
aments 3-parted, very long. Nut with a very thick, 4-parted pericarp, and 
nearly twice larger than in C. alba. 
6. C. microcarpa. Nutt. Small-fruited Hickory. 
Lfts. 5—7, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glandular beneath, serrate, con- 
spicuously acuminate ; aments glabrous; fr. roundish-ovoid, pericarp thin; nut 
small, slightly quadrangular.—A large tree, 60—80f high, in moist woodlands, 
Penn. Darlington. Trunk 14—2fdiam., with an even bark. Leaflets mostly 
5, often 7, 4—8’ by 2—3’, the under surface tufted in the axils of the veinlets 
and sprinkled with dark, glandular dots. Aments long and slender. Pistillate 
flowers 2 or 3 together, terminal, on a common peduncle, with conspicuous se- 
pals. Fruit about the size of anutmeg. Nut with a thin shell, not mucronate. 
Over. OXXIV. CUPULIFER —Masrworrs. 
Trees and shrubs. Lvs. stipulate, alternate, simple, straight-veined, that is with the veinlets proceeding 
straight from the midvein to the margin. 7 
Fis. generally monecious. Sterile in aments, fertile solitary, or 2 or 3 together, or in fascicles. 
Cal.—Sepals regular and membranous, or scale-like. | 
Sta. 1—3 times as many as the sepals, inserted into theirbases. __ [each. 
Ova. adherent, seated within a coriaceous involucrum (cupule), with several cells and several ovules in 
Stig. several, subsessile, distinct. f 
Fr. A bony or coriaceous nut, more or less enclosed in the cupule. 
Sds. 1, 2 or 3 (most of the ovules being abortive}, pendulous. Albumen. 0. 
Embryo large. Cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex. Radicle minute, superior. 
Genera 8, species 265, constituting a large portion of the forests of the northern temperate regions, and 
of mountainous tracts within the tropics. 
Properties.—The bark of the oak and other genera is well known for its astringent qualities. The 
edible fruit of the hazel-nut, chestnut, beechnut, §-c., are too well known to require description. Cork 
is the bark of Quercus Suber. Nut-gails are producd from the petioles of Q. infectoria of Asia Minor, 
being caused by wounds made by insects. 
Conspectus of the Genera. 
in an echinate, valvate cupule, and ovoid-compressed. - . - : . Castanea. 2 
in a muricate, valvate cupule, and sharply 3-angled. Sanne “ . Fagus. 3 
in a hairy, § coriaceous, involucrate cupule. . . é g ? § - Corylus. 4 
enveloped \ inflated .. ?membranous, closed cupule. . 3 . : - 4 . ‘Osirya. 5 
(acorn) partly immersed in a scaly cupule. : = - 4 3 6 . d - Quercus. 1 
Nut ( naked, concealed in the axil of a foliaceous bract . 5 5 4 : ’ . Carpinus. 6 
1 QUERCUS. 
Celtic quer, fine, and cuez, a tree; so called emphatically, because the sacred mistletoe grows upon it. 
The more common Celtic name was derw ; hence druid. 
3 in a loose ament; calyx mostly 5-cleft ; stamens 5—10. 9 Cupule 
cup-shaped, scaly ; calyx incorporated with the ovary, 6-lobed ; ovary 
3-celled, 2 of the cells abortive; style 1; stigmas 3;-nut (acorn) 
coriaceous, |-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base by the enlarged, 
cup-shaped, scaly cupule.—A noble genus of trees, rarely shrubs. Aments 
axillary, pendulous, filiform, with the flowers distinct. 
§ 1. Fructification annual. Fruit pedunculate. Leaves not mucronate. 
* Leaves lobed. 
1. Q. atBa. While Oak. 
Lvs. oblong, pinnatifid-sinuate, smooth, lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, 
dilated upwards; fr. pedunculate, cup deep, warty, acorn ovate-—The white 
oak grows in woods throughout the U. S. and Can., and for grandeur, strength 
and usefulness, stands preeminent among the sons of the forest. With a di- 
ameter of 5—6f, it attains the height of 70—80, but its magnitude varies 
with the soil and climate. Leaves obliquely divided into rounded, obtuse and 
entire lobes, not terminated by mucronate points, pubescent beneath when young. 
Fruit rather large. Bark white, often with dark spots. The trunk yields tim- 
ber of great value for strength and durability. It is extensively employed in 
——--- 
