494 ; CXXIV. CUPULIFERE. Quercus, 
hemispherical ; acorn roundish ovate.—The yellow oak abounds in the Middle | 
and Western States, in rocky and mountainous woods. It is a large tree, 60f 
in height. Bark whitish, slightly furrowed. Leaves regularly toothed, light 
green above, whitish beneath. Flowers in May, succeeded by acorns usually 
sweet-flavored. ‘Timber little used. 
9. Q@. Cuinquirin. Michx. (Q. prinoides. Willd.) Dwarf Chestmit Oak. 
‘Lvs. on short petioles, obovate, acute at the base, glaucous beneath, with 
coarse, subequal, dilated teeth, callous at the tip; ewp hemispherical ; acorn 
ovate-—This‘is one-of the most diminutive of all the oaks, never exceeding 3—4f 
in height. It is native of the Northern and Middle States, in barren woods, but 
not common. The flowers appear in May, followed by acorns of middle size, 
very sweet and so abundant as often to weigh the shrub prostrate on the ground. 
§ 2. Fruetification biennial. Fr. subsessile. Lvs. setaceously mucronate. 
* Leaves sinuate-lobed. 
10. Q. RuBRA. Red Oak. 
Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate, lobes rather acute, den- 
tate ; cup shallow and flat, smoothish ; acorn subovate—The red oak is the most 
common species in ‘the Northern States and in Canada. It is a lofty, wide- 
spreading tree, 70f in height with a diameter of 3 or4. Leaves‘6—10’ long, 
smooth on both sides, with deep and ‘rounded sinuses between the narrow, mu- 
cronate lobes. The flowers appear in May, succeeded by very large acorns 
contained in cups so shallow as rather to resemble saucers than cups, and are 
greedily devoured by wild and domesticated animals. The bark is extensively 
used in tanning. The wood is ‘reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as tim-. 
ber, but excellent ‘for fuel. 
11. R. tincTorta. Bartram. Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. 
Lws. obovate, oblong, sinuate, pubescent ‘beneath, finally glabrous, lobes 
oblong, obtuse, mucronate; cup flat; ‘acorn depressed-globose.—This oak ‘is 
found throughout the U.S. It is one of the lottiest trees of the forest, 80—90f 
in height and 4—5 in diameter. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown. 
Leaves ‘6—8’ long, broadest towards the end, quite variable. Acorns brown, 
nearly ‘sessile, about half covered with the thick, scaly cup. From the bark of 
this species, guercitron, used in dyeing, is obtained, hence it is called quercitron 
oak. The bark is used in tanning. ; 
12. Q@. coccinea. Wang. ‘Scarlet Oak. | 
Lws. on long petioles, oblong, ‘deeply sinuate, ‘smooth, lobes, divaricate, 
dentate, acute ; cup turbinate, scaly; acorn short, ovate-—The scarlet oak is 
most abundant in the Middle and Southern States, buts often met with in the 
mote southern parts of N. England. It isa large tree, 80f in height, witha 
diameter of 3 or4. Leaves of a bright, shining green, with about 4 deep sinu- 
ses, remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By the frosts of autumn they 
are changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak which become dull red or 
brown. Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half immersed in the cup. 
Bark very thick, used in tanning. The wood is little valued for timber or fuel. 
13. 'Q. patustris. Michx. Pin Oak. Water Oak. 
Lvs. on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate, smooth; axils of the veins 
tufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute; cup flat, 
smooth; acorn subglobose.—The pin oak is most luxuriant in the W. States! 
and the ‘adjacent districts of other States, rare in New England, growing in 
swamps and wet woods. Height 60—80f, with a diameter of 2—4. It isremark- 
able for its unusual number of secondary branches which die as the tree ad- 
vances, giving the trunk the appearance of having pins or tree nails driven into 
it; also for its light and open foliage. Bark smooth. Wood coarse-grained, 
little esteemed as timber. Acorns small, round, in shallow cups. May. 
14. Q. ELoncita. (Q. rubra. Walt. Q. falcata. Michz.) Spanish Oak. 
Las. on long petioles, 3-lobed or sinuate, tomentose beneath, lobes some- 
what falcate, setaceously mucronate, the terminal one elongated; cwp shallow, 
somewhat turbinate ; acorn globose.—Sandy soils, N. J.toGa. Trunk '70—80t 
high, 4—5f diam. in the Southern States, not half these dimensions in N. J. 
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