CAsTANEA. CXXIV. CUPULIFERZE. 495 
Bark blackish and deeply furrowed. Wood coarse-grained, reddish and porous. 
Lobes of the leaves often not at all falcate in the smaller trees but always 
clothed with a thick tomentum beneath. Acorns small, round, on peduncles 
1—2” in length. May.—The bark is highly esteemed in tanning. 
** Leaves dentate or slightly lobed. 
15. @. wiciroura. Willd: (Q. Bannisteri. Michz.) Shrub or Scrub Oak. 
Bear Oak.—Lws. on long petioles, obovate-cuneate, 3—5-lobed, entire on 
the’ margin, whitish-downy beneath; cwp subturbinate; acorn subglobose—A 
shrub, common throughout the U.S., growing only on gravely hills and barrens 
which it occupies exclusively in large tracts. Stem 3—4f high, divided into’ 
nimerous, straggling’ branches. Acorns small and abundant, and said to be 
greedily eaten by bears, deer and swine. May. 
16. Q@. nigra. Willd. (Q. ferruginea. Miche.) Barren-Oak. Black-Jack. 
Iron Oak.—Lws, coriaceous, cuneiform, obtuse or subcordate at base, 3- 
lobed at apex, lobes nearly equal, entire or retuse, mucronate when young, at 
length wholly awnless, smooth and shining above, ferruginous-pulverulent be- 
neath, villose in the axils of the veins; fr. with a turbinate cup and roundish 
ovoid acorn; scales of the cup obtuse, scarious.—A small, gnarled tree, with dark, 
massy foliage, in sandy soils, N. J. to Ill.! and S. States. Trunk 20—30f high, 
with a thick, black, broken bark. The leaves are very firm in texture, 3—5/ 
by 21—4’, broadest near the apex, middle lobe scarcely as wide and but little” 
longer than the other two. Petioles 3—6 long. May.—The wood is very 
valuable for fuel. 
17. Q. TRiLdBA. Downy Black Oak. 
Las. oblong-cuneiform, acute at the base, somewhat 3-lobed at the end, 
tomentose beneath, lobes equal, mucronate with setaceous awns, middle one 
longer ; fruit with a flat cup and a depressed-globose acorn.—A tree of rapid 
growth, 25—40f high, in the pine barrens of N. J. to Flor. 
18. Q. HETEROPHYLLA. Pursh. (Q. Leana. Clark.) 
Lws. on long petioles, coriaceous, oblong or vblong-ovate, acute or rounded 
or subcordate at base, margin with a few shallow, tooth-like lobes, or often only 
wavy or entire; lobes setaceous-acuminate; acorn subglobose, in a hemispheri- 
cal cup; scales of the cup oblong-ovate, obtuse.—Ohio! I have specimens of the 
leaves and fruit of this remarkable and long lost species from Mr. J. Clark, 
re-discovered in Ohio, by the late Mr. T. G. Lea. The leaves are exceedingly 
variable, usually 4—6’ by 14—2’, smooth and shining above, tomentose along 
the veins beneath, generally broad and abrupt at base. Fruit 3’ diam. 
** * Leaves entire. . 
19. Q. Poetios. Willow Oak. 
Las. deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering to each end, very entire, gla- 
brous, mucronate at apex; acorn subglobose, in shallow cups.—A tree 30—60f 
high, borders of swamps, N. J. to Flor. and Western States. Trunk straight, 
10—20’ diam., covered with a smooth, thick bark. The leaves, which bear con- 
siderable resemblance to those of the willow, are of a light green color, dentate 
when young, 3—5’ in length. Acorn 3/diam. May.—The timber is of little value. 
20. Q. mepricaria. Laurel Oak. Shingle Oak. 
Iws. deciduous, lance-oblong, acute at each end, briefly petiolate, very 
entire, shining-glabrous above, subpubescent beneath, mucronate at apex ; acorn 
subglobose, ina shallow cup; scales of the cup broad-ovate.—A beautiful tree, 
very abundant in the Western States, also common along rivers, Penn. to Ga. 
Trunk 40—50f high, 1—2f diam., with a smooth unbroken bark, and a large 
head of coarse, irregular branches. The leaves are dark green, thick and 
firm in texture, 3—5’ by 1—12’, forming a dense, heavy foliage. June.—The 
timber makes miserable shingles. In Indiana it is called Jack Oak. 
2 CASTANEA. Tourn. 
From Castanea, a town in Thessaly, where this tree still grows to magnificent dimensions. 
din a long, cylindric ament ; cal. 6-cleft; sta. 10—12. 9 3,within 
a 4-lobed, densely muricated involuecre ; cal. 5—6-lobed ; sta. 10—12 
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