CLASS II GYMNOSPERMS. 
Ovutes not enclosed in an ovary, fertilized by the pollen without 
the intervention of a pistil, and becoming truly nakeD sEEDs, the 
carpel being represented by a flat open scale or entirely wanting. 
Epryo with 2 opposite, or several whorled cotyledons. 
Orper CXXXI. CONIFER A.—Conrrers. 
Trees or evergreen shrubs, with branching trunks, abounding in a resinous juice. | 
Lvs. scattered or fascicled, linear or acerose (rarely lanceolate), parallel-veined, rigid, generally evergreen. 
Fis. moncecioue or diecious, destitute of calyx or corolla. 
Sterile, monandrous or monadelphous, collected in a kind of loose ament. 
Anth. 2 or many-lobed, often tipped with a crest. Pollen large, usually compound. 
Fertile, in aments composed of open, scale-like carpels, or solitary and without a carpel. 
Qvary, style and stigma wanting. Ovules 1, 2 or many, erect or inverted. 
Fr.—A strobile (cone), or a solitary seed. Integumentis hard and crustaceous. 
Embryo in the axis of oily albumen. 
Genera 29, species 150, natives of all climates, but most abundant in the temperate zones, those of the 
southern, however, very different from the pines, spruces, larches and cedars of the northern. 
Properties.—Few orders can be named, which are of more importance to mankind, whether in refer- 
ence to their invaluable timber or their resinous secretions. Turpentine, tar, pitch and resin are the 
arr ofthe pines. Burgundy pitch is yielded by Pinus sylvestris of Europe; Venetian turpentine, 
y the Larix; ol of Savin by Juniperus Sabina of Europe, &c. 
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FIG. 54.—1. Branch of Thuja occidentalis, with strobiles. 2. A magnified branchlet with a cone of 
staminate flowers. 3. A carpellary scale with the two winged seeds. 4. A vertical transverse section 
of one of the seeds, showing the embryo, &c. 5. The immature, erect ovules. 6. One of the ovules, 
enlarged, showing the micropyle at top. 7. Branch of Abies Americana. 8. Scale, with the bract. 9. 
Scaie with immature ovules. 10. Scale with ripe seeds. 11. A pair of leaves of Pinus resinosa. 12. 
Anther of Pinus sylvestris. 13. Scale of the cone, with the ovules turned downwards, 14. Staminate 
seale of Cupressus, with pollen. 15. Fertile scale, with many erect ovules. 
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