CXXXI. CONIFERZ:. 515 
with resin, little used in architecture except for floors, but makes excellent 
fuel. May. 
6. P. paLustris. Lamb. (P. australis.?) Long-leaved.or Broom Pine. 
Las. in 3s, very long, conglomerate at the ends of the branches; cone sub- 
cylindrical, muricate, with small, recurved spines; stip. pinnatifid, ragged, per- 
sistent.—Found in the Middle, Southern and Western States. The trunk is 
15—20' diam., arising with a slignt diminution 40 or 50f to the branches, 
thence: 20—40f to the summit. Bark slightly furrowed. Leaves a foot in 
length. Buds very long, whitish. Sterile aments violet-colored, 2’ long. Cone 
8—10’ long. Seeds. with a thin, white testa. Timber strong, compact and 
durable, used at the South in vast quantities, 
7. P. stropus. White Pine. Weymouth Pine. . 
Iws. in 5s, slender, with very short sheaths; cones solitary, cylindric, loose, 
pendant longer than the leaves.—This pine is one of the most majestic and the 
most useful forest trees of this, or of any other country. The trunk is perfectly 
straight, covered with a comparatively smooth bark, and, in some instances, 
5—7f im diameter, and 100f in height without a limb; then, sending out a few 
branches, it forms. a tufted head far above the surrounding forest. ‘The branch- 
es are given off in whorls which are very observable in young trees. The 
leaves are about 4’ long, numerous, slender, of a bluish green, forming an ex- 
tremely soft and delicate foliage. ‘The wood is soft, fine-grained, easily wrought, 
very durable, and is used in immense quantities in various kinds of architec- 
ture. The large trunks are in particular sought for the masts of ships. May. 
2. ABIES. Juss. 
Name probably derived from the Celtic abetoa. 
Strobile smaller, roundish-oblong; carpellary scales attenuated to 
a thin, even edge; cotyledons 3—9.— Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen 
or deciduous, linear and solitary, or acerose and fasciculate, never sheathed 
at base. 
rt § 1. Leaves evergreen, solitary, linear. 
1. A. canaDeNsis. (Pinus. Linn.) Hemlock. 
Lvs. linear, fiat, obscurely denticulate, glaucous beneath, in 2 rows; cones 
ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves; scales rounded, entire.—A well 
known evergreen inhabitant of the rocky, mountainous woods of the Northern 
States, and Brit. Am., commonly attaining the height of 70—80f. The trunk is 
large in proportion, straight, covered with a rough bark. Branches brittle and 
nearly horizontal, with pubescent twigs. Leaves 6—8” in length, less than 1” 
wide, arranged in 2 opposite rows. Cones very small. The wood of the hem- 
lock is soft, elastic, of a coarse, loose texture, not much valued for timber, but 
is sometimes substituted for pine. The bark is extensively used in tanning. May. 
2: A. Nigra. Michx. (Pinus. Linn.) Black or Double Spruce. 
ws. 4-cornered, scattered, straight, erect; cones ovoid, pendulous; scales 
elliptical-obovate, erosely dentate at the edge, erect—This fine tree abounds in 
the northern parts of the U. S., where dark, mountain forests, are often wholly 
composed of it. Itis alarge tree, 70—80f high, with a straight trunk and a lofty 
pyramidal head. The leaves thickly cover the branches, are of a dark green 
color, little more than 3’ in length. Cones 1—2’ long. The timber is light, 
strong and elastic, and, although inferior to the white pine, is much used in ar- 
pe That salutary beverage, spruce beer, is made from the young branch- 
es. ay. 
3. A. anBa. Michx. (Pinus. Ait.) White or Single Spruce. 
_Ivs. 4-sided, ineurved; cones lax, pendulous, subcylindric, with entire, 
broadly obovate, somewhat 2-lobed scales.—Very abundant in the northern sec- 
tions of the U. States, preferring humid and rocky woods. Height 50f. Trunk 
1—2f in diameter at the base, regularly dimin? ing upward. Lower branches 
longest, the others becoming gradually shorter upwards. Leaves 4—#/ in length, 
placed on all sides of the branches. Cones small. The timber is useful in 
the frames of buildings, &c. May. 
44 
