164 PLANT XAMES AND SYNONYMS 



d. F. Yesca L. (F. vulgaris Erhr. ) Europe, nat. in eastern U. S. 



European Wood Strawberry, Sheep-nose, Sow-tit. The parent 

 species of many cultivated varieties; Ger. Erdbeere; Fr. Fraisier 



(Codex). 



e. F. Virginiana Duchesne (F. vesca Walt.). Canada to Florida 



and west to Louisiana, Arizona and S. Dakota. Virginia 

 Strawberry, Scarlet Strawberry, Common Field Strawberry. 

 Parent species of many cultivated varieties. 



843. FRANKEMA, L. (Franca, Franka). Frankeniaceae. 



Named for Prof. Johann Franke, of Upsala, d. 1661. Syn. 

 Franca, Micheli 1763. Heath-like herbs or sub-shrubs. About 

 30 species, widely distributed in temperate regions; 3 in U. S. 



a. F. graudifolia Cham. & Schlecht. (Franca grandifolia Esch. ). 

 California in salt marshes, Yerba Keuma. Herh astringent. 



844. FRASERA, Walt. American Calumba. Geutiauaceae. 



Named for John Eraser, English botanical collector, d. 1817. 

 Robust herbs with flowers in terminal panicles. About 13 spe- 

 cies, all of the U. S. , mostly western. 



a. F. Carolinensis Walt. (F. Walteri Michx. ). Canada to 

 Georgia and west to Wisconsin. American Columbo, Indian 

 Lettuce, Yellow Gentian, Pyramid-plant, Pyramid-flower, 

 Ground Centaury, Meadow-pride. Root', Radix Colombo ame- 

 ricanw; Ger. Amerikanische Colombo wurzel; Fr. Racine de 

 Colombo de Mariette (d' Amerique); bitter tonic resembling 

 Calumba. Fresh root emeto-cathartic. 



845. FRAXI>US, L. - - Ash. - - Oleaceae. 



The ancient Latin name. Syn. Ornus, in part. Trees, 

 generally with pinnate leaves. About 40 species; 16 in U. S. 

 Ger. Esche; Fr. Frene; Sp. Fresco. 



a. F. Americana L. (F. alba Marsh., F. epiptera Michx. , F. Caro- 



liniana Wang., not Mill. ). Canada and eastern U. S. Ame- 

 rican White Ash, White Ash, Cane Ash, Ash. Bark of this 

 and other species febrifuge; leaves laxative, anti-arthritic. 

 Wood tough, elastic. 



b. F. excelsior L. Europe. European Ash; Fr. Frene (Codex). 



Some manna is obtained from this species in southern Europe. 



Bark and leaves used as in (a). 



c. F. nigra Marsh. (F. sambucifolia Lam. ). Canada and north- 



western U. S. Black Ash, Hoop Ash, Swamp or Water Ash, 

 Basket Ash. 



d. F. Ornus L. (Ornus Europcea Pers. ). Europe and the Levant. 



Manna Ash, Flowering Ash, European Manna tree. Exudate; 

 Manna, U. S. P.; Fr, Manne (Codex); laxative. (The spe- 

 cies probably includes F. rotundifolia Lam. ). Additional 

 American species are (e) F. Caroliniana Mill. (F. platycarpa 

 Michx.), AV'ater Ash, Carolina Ash, Pop or Poppy Ash; (f) 

 F. lanceolata Borck (F. viridis Michx. ), Green Ash, Blue 

 or Swamp Ash; (g) F. Peunsylvanica Marsh (F. pubescens 

 Lam.), Red Ash, Black Ash* and (h) F. quadrangulata 

 Michx. ( F. quadrangularis Lodd. ) , Blue Ash. 



