318 PLANT NAMES AND SYNONYMS 



b. R, Caroliuidna Walt. (F. Caroliniana A. Gray, F. fragilis 

 Kaf.). Southeastern U. S. Southern or Carolina Buckthorn, 

 Alder Buckthorn, Bog Birch, Indian Cherry. Bark laxative. 

 (c) R, alnifolia L'Her., uortliern [J. S. and northward, Alder- 

 leaved Buckthorn, is called Dwarf Alder. 



d. R. cathartica L. (C. cathartica Moench). Europe, northern 

 Africa to middle Asia. Buckthorn, Purging Buckthorn, Hart's- 

 thorn, Rhineberrv, Rain-berry Thorn, Way-thorn; Ger. Kreuz- 

 dorn, Hirschdorn; Fr. Neprun purgatif (Codex); Sp. Ramno 

 caiartico, Espina cerval. Fruit, Fructus rhanini cathartici, 

 Bac^jie spinae cervinse, Baccae domestical, hydragogne cathartic; 

 source of sap green and bladder green, used in dyeing. ( Lokao 

 or Chinese green in <jgo is a similar product obtained from (e) 

 R. tinctoria Waldst. & Kit. (R. chlorophoraDecne. ) and (f) 

 R. JDahiirica Pal. (R. utilis Decne. ). 



g. R. FrdngiilaL. (F. vulgaris Reich., F. Alnus Mill. ). Europe, 

 northern Africa to middle Asia, sparingly nat. in U. S. Aider 

 Buckthorn, Black Alder*, European Black Alder, Berry Alder, 

 Arrow-wood, Butcher' s-prick iree, Alder Dogwood, Black Dog- 

 wood; Ger. Faulbaum, Glatter Wegedorn, Pulverholz; Fr. 

 Bourdaine, Bourgene. Bark (at least one year old ) ; Frangula, 

 U. S. P., Rhamni Frangalse Cortex, Br.; laxative. Charcoal 

 from the wood is used for gunpowder. 



h. R. infectoria L. (R. tinctoria Mutel. ). Mediterranean region. 

 Fruit French berries, Yellow berries; Ger. Gelbbeeren; Fr. 

 Graines d' Avignon; yield a green dye. The similar Persian 

 berrie-i and Turkish berries are from (i) R. oleoides L. (R. 

 amygdalina Desf. ), and ( j ) R, saxalllis L., also perhaps other 

 species. 



k. R, Piirshiana DC. Northern California, northward. Bear- 

 berry tree, Bearwood, Shittim-wood, Cascara Sagrada tree. 

 Bark, Chiitain or Chittim bark, Cascara Sagrada, Sacred bark, 

 Purshiana bark, Persian^ bark, Wahoi**; thamnus Purshiana, 

 U. S. P.; laxative. The bark of (1) R. Califurnica Esch., 

 the California Coffee-tree, is also gathered as Cascaia Sag- 

 rada. Berries of this have been U'^ed as a substitute for Cof- 

 fee, (m) R. Wiglitii W. & A. of the East Indies yields also 

 a laxative bark. 



1722. RHAPHIDOPHILLA, Wend, c'c Drude. Sabalaceae. 



From Greek, "Rhaphis-leaved". Syn. Chamterops, in part. 

 A low fan-palm. One species, (a) R. hystl'ix (Fravser) W. & 

 D., Florida to S. Carolina; Blue Palmetto. 



i728. RHEUM, L. Rhubarb. Polygonaceae. 



The Greek name, perhaps frotu Rfia the ancient name of the 

 Volga. Stout herbs from thick rootstocks. About 20 species, 

 A>ia. 



a, R. auvtnlle D. Don (R. Emodi Wall., R. WebbianumEoyle). 

 Himalayan region. Yields medicinal rhubarb. 



h. R, hybridum Murray. Central Asia. This species may be one 

 of those yielding commercial rhubarb. 



