Compositae. 
female or neuter; disk-flowers bisexual, fertile 
or the inner most ones sterile. Involueral bracts 
in many rows, imbricated, broadly scarious or 
very acute or spinous at the apex. Corollas 
of the ray ligulate; corollas of the disk tubular, 
regular. Anther-base entire or sagittate; auricles 
obtuse or acute or mucronate, not tailed. Style 
of the disk-flowers obtuse, short. Achenes usually 
thick; pappus paleaceous or coroniform or wan- 
ting. — Herbaceous or some what shrubby, with 
alternate or radical leaves, yellow or purple disk- 
flowers, and yellow, purple or white rays . 
XI. Cynareae. 
Heads homogamous or rarely heterogamous with 
larger neuter ray-flowers in one row. Inyolucral 
bracts in many rows, imbricated, usually termi- 
nating in a spine or scarious appendix. Recep- 
tacle setose. Corollas all 5-cleft or-partite. 
Anther-base sagittate; auricles connate, mucro- 
nate or with fimbriate tails. Styles of the her- 
maphrodite flowers with short, narrow, rather 
obtuse branches, usually hard setose or nar- 
rowly paleaceous in several rows or 0. — Herbs 
often spinous with alternate or basilar leaves 
and red, yellow or white flowers, occasionally 
dioecious. 
a) Echinopsidinae. — Capitula one-flowered 
collected into heads é 
b) Carlininae. — Capitula many-flowered, rarely 
one-flowered and separated; fruit emarginate. 
1. Inner-row of the involucral bracts mem- 
branous, radiating 
2. Inner-row of the peaaliaeal ene erect, 
not radiating... ><) 21.9. Paes et epee 
c) Carduinae. — Capitula many- ‘dotceaal rarely 
one-flowered and separated, fruit glabrous 
not margined. 
a) Filaments free, papillose, feathery. 
* Receptacle not fleshy, or sometimes 
somewhat fleshy. 
+ Setae of the pappus not bar- 
bellate . . 
48, Gundelia. 
49. Eechinops. 
50. Carlina. 
51. Atractylis. 
52. Carduus. 
++ Setae of the pappus barbellate 53. Cirsium. 
