1062 Compositae. 
1489. (1.) Sonchus oleraceus L. Spec. Plant. I (1753), p.116. 
— Boiss. Flor. Or. III, p. 795. — Rehbch. Te. XTX, tab. 59 fig. I. — 
Aschers.-Schweinf. Ill. Flor. d’Eg., p.99 no. 643. — Aschers.-Schweinf. 
Ill. Flor. d’Eg., Supplem. p. 766. — Aschers. Flor. Rhinocol., p. 800 
no. 167. — Aschers.-Schweinf. Primit. Flor. Marmaric., p. 657 no. 
203. — Sonchus ciliatus Lam. Flor. Franc. I, p. 87. — An annual, 
with a rather thick hollow stem 30—60 or even 80 cm high, per- 
fectly glabrous, except occasionally a very few stiff glandular hairs 
on the peduncles. Leaves thin, pinnatifid, with a broad, heart-shaped 
or triangular terminal lobe, bordered with irregular, pointed or 
prickly teeth, and a few smaller lobes or coarse teeth along the 
broad leafstalk; the upper leaves narrow and clasping the stem with 
short auricles. Flower-heads rather small, in a short corymbose 
panicle, sometimes almost umbellate; the involucres remarkably 
conical after flowering. Flowers of a pale yellow. Achenes flattened, 
with longitudinal ribs often marked with transverse wrinkles or 
asperities, the pappus of copious snow-white hairs. — Flow. March 
to April. 
M. ma. M. p. N. d. N: f. N. v. N..v. mer. 0. D.., Doi eee 
sept. Common weed everywhere even in sandy places of the desert. 
Local name: besikh; tibsikh (Ascherson); galail (Delile); qelawil 
(Ascherson); generally: libbeyn. 
Everywhere common in the northern hemisphere to the Arctic regions. 
1490. (2.) Sonchus asper Vill. Delph. III (1789), p. 158. — 
Boiss. Flor. Or. III, p. 796. — Sonchus fallax Wallr. Sched. Crit., 
p. 432. — As in the last species, except that the leaves are prickly- 
toothed and the achenes are broad-margined, remotely 3-nerved. —- 
Flow. March to April. 
N. d. Sidi Ssalem (G. Maire). 
Also known from the whole World. 
1491. (3.) Sonchus glaucescens Jordan. Observat. Bot. V (1847), 
p. 75 tab. 5. — Boiss. Flor. Or. III, p. 796. — Aschers.-Schweinf. 
Ill. Flor. d’Kg., p. 99 no. 644, — Sickenberg. Contrib. Flor. d’Eg., 
p. 282. — A biennial plant, 30 cm to 1 m high or somewhat more; 
stems as in the last two, but often glandular-hairy above. Leaves 
prickly-toothed; achenes smooth, with broad, retrorsely-ciliate-margin. 
— Flow. March to April. 
M. p. Damietta. — N.d. N.f. N. v. — Often on way-sides 
and in sandy places. — O. Dakhel. 
Also known from Arabia Petraea, Palestine, Syria, Kurdistan and Persia 
