512 LXX. DIPSACEX, | Cephalaria 
Lopollo in January and February, and in combination with 
Clematis villosa produces the effect of pastures covered with snow. 
1. CEPHALARIA Schrad. ; Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ii. p. 159. 
1. C. centauroides Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. iii. p. 49 (1818) ; 
Hiern in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ili, p. 251. 
Hvriia.—A perennial herb, 3 to 5 ft. high ; stem ascending or erect, 
fistular, hexagonal ; leaves opposite, remarkably polymorphous, the 
lowest ones undivided, the middle ones pinnatifid, the highest ones 
linear with 1 or 2 teeth at the base on each side or lanceolate and not 
toothed ; the white-flowered heads terminal, globose-hemispherical, 
not depressed, on very long peduncles; leaves of the involucre 
numerous, rounded-obtuse at the apex, rather rugose on the back, 
densely ciliolate on the margin; pales of the receptacle elongate- 
obovate, concave, abruptly acuminate at the apex, half-embracing the 
involucel which is tetragonal densely hirsute furrowed on the inner 
face and crowned with 4 large more or less purpurascent teeth; calyx- 
(which perhaps might be regarded as a metamorphosis of the disk) 
-tube adnate to the ovary, constricted below the circular patelliform 
hmb, crenulate on the margin with several erect more or less pur- 
purascent teeth, densely shaggy inside ; corolla white, tubular, the 
limb 4-cleft with obovate-spathulate subequal spreading segments 
shaggy outside with white hairs, the tube white-hairy on both sides ; 
stamens 4, 1 to 3 of them sterile, white, far exserted; ovary inferior 
(or superior, if the involucel is considered to be a calyx and the calyx 
a modified disk), 1-celled, 1-ovuled ; style filiform, white ; stigmas 
various in the same head, sometimes linguiform, in other cases bifid 
with the lobes either equal or one much shorter than the other. In 
marshy places among tall grasses along the banks of streams at an 
elevation of 5000 ft., near Lopollo, abundant ; fl. 26 March and April 
1860. No. 522. 
2. SCABIOSA Tourn., L.; Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. ii. p. 159. 
1. S. Columbaria L. Sp. Pl., edit. i. p. 99 (1753) ; Hiern in Oliv. 
Fl. Trop. Afr, iii. p. 252. 
Huitia.—Flowers in the living state violet-skyblue, soon turning 
pale and whitish-yellow. In wooded meadows with short herbage 
between Mumpulla and Nene; fl. Oct. 1859. Seen nowhere else 
except about Lopollo. One of the innumerable forms of this species. 
No. 520. In wooded meadows about Lopollo, near Catumba and by 
the lake of Ivantala ; fl. Dec. 1859 ; fr. Feb. 1860. No. 521. 
LXXI. COMPOSITA. 
Welwitsch considered that in his herbarium from Angola 
proper, the proportion of Composit to the phanerogamic vegeta- 
tion, as expressed in the number of species, was about a sixteenth 
part; whereas Robert Brown in the appendix to Tuckey’s 
Expedition stated, p. 445, that in the herbarium from the Congo 
Composite formed only one twenty-third part. In Welwitsch’s 
herbarium from Benguella and MHuilla, the proportion was 
estimated at one-ninth, or perhaps one-tenth, thus approaching 
nearer to that prevailing in the flora of the Cape of Good Hope, 
