Ethulia| LXXI, COMPOSITA, 513 
where of all parts of the world the Composite probably form the 
greatest proportion. 
Several of the species formerly considered to be endemic at 
the Cape extend to Benguella ; and not a few of the plants of the 
Gariep district are properly speaking tropical African, such as 
Placus gariepinus ; these were at first reckoned as peculiar to the 
Cape flora, because they were originally described from specimens 
obtained there, although in truth they were but little more than 
stragglers. 
Many of this family, whether they are in the adult form herbs 
shrubs or trees, present a very different habit during their early 
stages, even though they at such early age perfect their flowers 
and fruits ; examples of this difference occur in the genus Placus ; 
and corresponding differences are noticeable in Grangea, Spher- 
anthus and Cotula. 
Some species occur with vertical phyllodes, just as in the 
leguminous genus Cracca; they may, perhaps, on this account 
be regarded as a surviving remnant in this continent of a portion 
of the Australian flora. 
The permanence in Angola of certain introduced Composite is 
very remarkable. 
In the primeval forests of the mountainous region several 
arborescent species occur ; various small trees and shrubs, called 
molilu by the natives, furnish tonic-bitter barks and are 
frequently employed in cases of fever and diarrhea. In the 
littoral region the Composite are comparatively few, but in the 
mountainous region they abound, and they gradually increase 
in the highland region both in number of species and in 
elegance of form. At Loanda Lactuca gorwensis affords an ex- 
cellent salad. The Cravo de defunto, a species of Tagetes, is 
generally cultivated; the sunflower was noticed in cultivation 
only in the district of Pungo Andongo; the endive and some 
varieties of lettuce are occasionally cultivated in Angola. 
TripE I. VERNONIACES. 
1. ETHULIA L. f. Decasi. p. 1. t. 1 (1762); Benth. & Hook. 
f. Gen. Pl. ii. p. 224. 
Pirarda Adans. Fam. PI. ii. p. 499 (1763). 
1. E. conyzoides L. f., Z.c.; O. & H. in Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. iii. 
p. 262. 
Pirarda conyzodes O. Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. i. p. 355 (1891). 
Loanpa.—A slender shrub, 3 ft. high, with flaccid-tender leaves and 
purple flowers. In fields formerly planted with manihot, between 
Mangue Schut and Quicuxe ; fl. June 1858. No. 3326. 
BarRA DO Benco.—An annual or biennial herb ; stem straight, of 
a pretty rosy-purple or blood-red colour, corymbosely branched 
towards the apex; leaves serrate-dentate, pellucid-punctate ; flowers 
rosy ; achenes epappose. By swamps along the banks of the river 
Bengo (or Zenza) ; fl. and fr. Dec. 1853. Also at the banks of the 
river Bengo near Santo Antonio ; fr. Jan. 1854. No. 3383. 
