38 FLOWERS OF THE WOODS AND COPSES 
There are three kinds of flowers: female producing much fruit, 
complete less fertile flowers, and male flowers. Hermaphrodite and 
female flowers may occur on the same umbel, and hermaphrodite and 
female flowers on different umbels, and similar combinations with male 
flowers. 
As the stigmas mature before the anthers the plant is cross- 
pollinated as a rule. The honey is secreted and concealed by a narrow, 
fleshy ring at the base of the tube, and is protected by the stamens and 
outer carpels. The petals spread out horizontally, and insects alight 
on the central disk. If an insect should alight on the petals, it thrusts 
its head between the stamens and touches the stigmas. It would 
be self-pollinated if both were mature at once, but the stamens ripen 
later, and the anthers open and expand into a flat disk, narrowing 
the intervening space so that flies cannot reach the nectaries without 
touching the anthers, which open at their edge, and are covered with 
pollen along the latter only. Pollen falls on the stigmas if insects do not 
visit the flowers. The visitors are Empzs, Eristalis, Syrphus, Melith- 
reptus, Rhingia, Syritta, Anthomyia, Musca, Anthrenus, Meligethes, 
Dasytes, Malachius, Mordella, Grammoptera, Thrips, Prosopis, 
Flalictus, Andrena, Nomada, Apis, Oxybelus. 
The fruit is an edible, brightly coloured receptacle, with soft outer 
coat, luscious when ripe, and dispersed by snails, birds, and man. 
The Wild Strawberry is primarily a sand-loving plant, growing on 
sand soil, but requires also a fair amount of humus soil, and may also 
be a rocky-soil-loving species. 
The fungi which infest the Strawberry are Spherotheca humuta, 
Spherella fragariea, Septoria fragarie. 
The plant is galled by Aphelenchus fragaria, one of the Eel-worms. 
The flowers are attacked by the Golden Chafer; the fruit by ground 
beetles, Calathus cisteloides, Harpalus ruficornis, and Pterostichus vul- 
garts and P. madidus; the leaves by the Clay-coloured Weevil, Red- 
legged Weevil, Black Vine Weevil, and Strawberry-leaf Weevil; the 
roots by the small or garden Swift Moth, and Otiorhynchus picipes, 
O. tenebricosus, O. sulcatus. The moths Cream Spot Tiger, Arctia 
villica, Lampronia prelatella, Hesperia malve, Marbled Carpet, Crdaria 
russata, Nepticula arcuata feed on it. 
Fragaria, Pliny, is from the Latin /fvaga, meaning strawberries, 
which is from the Sanskrit gfva, fragrant, and the second Latin name 
means small, i.e. compared with /: e/atzor. 
The Wild Strawberry is called Freiser, Hedge Strawberry, Straw- 
berry. 
