52 FLOWERS OF THE WOODS AND COPSES 
phrodite florets in the centre of each umbel, which are surrounded by 
10-20 male florets which develop later. Male flowers were found in 
the centre of the umbels by Schulze. The complete flowers are pro- 
terogynous, the stigma ripening first. The older flowers in the centre 
are complete. The long stigmas touch the anthers of the surrounding 
florets. Both resemble Astrantia major. Where the umbels are 
simple, the florets 
form so closely 
packed a_ surface 
that the petals re- 
main rolled up in 
the middle of the 
flower and _hairs 
protect the honey 
from the © rain. 
They make the 
flower less _ easily 
reached by insects 
and less conspicu- 
ous. Flies and 
beetles are the 
chief visitors. 
The fruits are 
hooked, and as- 
sisted in their dis- 
persal by catching 
in the wool or hair 
of passing animals. 
Sanicle is a 
clay -loving plant 
addicted to a clay 
soil, growing In 
Photo, C. A. Allen, 
SANICLE (Sanicula europea, L.) woods and_ shady 
places or hollows 
where clay is formed on granitic, volcanic, and later Liassic and 
other rock soils. 
A fungus Puccenza Sanicule commonly attacks it. No insects are 
known to feed upon it. 
Sanicula, Brunfels, is from the Latin sazas, healthy, because of the 
healing properties formerly attributed to the plant. The second Latin 
name is merely Latin for European, referring to its range. 
