162 FLOWERS OF THE ROADSIDES AND HEDGES 
anthers are green. The drupes or stone fruits are black or reddish- 
purple, small, numerous, acid. The flower has a concave receptacular 
tube which surrounds the base of the pistil. The pistil is made up of 
numerous carpels on a conical receptacle. The cluster of drupes is an 
eteerio. 
The plant is frequently 1o ft. high. It is in flower from July to 
September. It is perennial, propagated by layers, the branches arching 
over and rooting again; the branch contracts and the tip is drawn into 
the earth, whilst the original branch dies very frequently, and the new 
plant takes its place. 
The flowers are large and conspicuous, expanding widely. The 
petals when outspread are nearly flat, being large, and many flowers 
form a panicle. The anthers and stigma ripen together. The stamens 
are numerous, but in spite of this the honey exposed on the disk is 
accessible to short-lipped insects, as they spread out. The outer 
anthers are the first to open, and they turn their anthers upwards. 
The stigma ripens together with these outer stamens. In spite of this 
homogamous condition the flowers are cross-pollinated, as the stamens 
are spreading. Insects in visiting the flower may touch either the 
anthers at the border or the stigma in the centre. The inner stamens 
when they open are erect, and may touch the outer stigmas and cause 
self-pollination. 
The Blackberry is visited by many insects: Hymenoptera, 4/zs, 
Bombus, Macropits, Andrena, Hatlictus, Celioxys, Nomada, Diphysis, 
Osmia, Stelis, Prosopis, Crabro, Oxybelus, Anemophila, Cercerts, 
Sargus, Chrysomya, Empis, Ascia, Syritta, Eristalis, Helophitus, 
Chrysotoxum, Volucella, Rhingia, Physocephala, Tipula, Byturus, 
Diacanthius, Limonius, Trichius, Telephorus, Malachius, Gdemera, 
Ciytus, Leptura, Pachyta, Strangaha, Meligethes, Argynnis, Pierts 
crategt, P. nap, Hesperia, &c. 
The fruit is a drupe or drupelet, on a convex receptacle, which is 
eaten and dispersed by birds, &c., and so dispersed by animal agency. 
Blackberries grow on a variety of soils, but in general are most 
addicted to a sandy or stony subsoil, which is derived from the older 
rocks of granitic or arenaceous origin. 
The fungi which infest the Blackberry and Raspberry are: SAhevu- 
lina tntermixta, Phragmidium rubt-idei, Coniothyrium tumefaciens, 
Gleosporiume venetum, Cercospora rubt. 
They are galled by Lasioptera rubi, Diastrophus rubz, and other 
fungi infesting them are Phragmidium violaceum and Uredo mutllert. 
The beetles Dasytes niger, Anthonomus rubi, Batophila rubi, Melh- 
