CRAB APPLE 173 
and the thick fleshy coat consists of peel, a thick juicy layer, with a 
thin, tough, parchment-like layer, the ‘‘core”, and encloses 2 brown 
seeds in each chamber. 
The flowers are conspicuous and numerous, The honey is half- 
concealed, and secreted at the base of the flower. The flowers are 
much visited by insects. ‘The flowers are sweet-scented, most strongly 
at night, so that the plant is visited by moths. The stigma ripens 
before the anthers, being receptive when the flower opens. The 
co) 
Photo, H. Irving 
CRAB APPLE (Pyrus Malus, L.) 
flowers last from 5 to 6 days. The 5 stigmas stand above the stamens, 
so that an insect visiting the flower touches the stigma first. The 
anthers open on the second day, the outer rows of stamens ripening 
first. In some flowers the stigmas and stamens are more or less 
touching. The flowers are directed towards the light obliquely, so 
that some pollen must fall on the stigmas, and self-pollination occurs in 
the absence of insect visitors and in wet weather. Self-pollinated 
flowers do not produce good fruit. 
The plant is visited by Lombus terrestris, B. agrorum, B. lapt- 
darius, B. hortorum, Apis mellifica, A nthophora pilipes, Andrena 
albicans, Halictus sex-notatus, Osmia rufa, Bombylius major, Empis 
