174 FLOWERS OF THE ROADSIDES AND HEDGES 
Livida, Rhingia rostrata, Syrphus pyrastrt, Onesia florals, Dilophus 
vulearis. 
The fruit is an edible, brightly-coloured pome or receptacle, with 
a softer pericarp, luscious when ripe, and is dispersed by birds and men. 
The Apple is more or less a clay-loving plant, growing on clay, 
or a sand plant, growing on sand. A gravelly stony subsoil also 
suits it. 
A number of fungi attack the cultivated Apple, which equally infest 
the Crab, of the genera Podosphera, Eutypella, Glomerella, Nectria, 
Spherella, Fusicladium, Tynpanis, Sclerotinia, Pholiota, Polyporus, 
Fydnum, Hypochnus, Phyllosticta, Spheropsis, E-ntomosporium, Bacit- 
lus, Valsa, and Armillaria mellea.  ‘Nhite cotton-wool-like tufts are 
formed, and the branches are much distorted by Schzzoneura lanigera 
and S. fodiens, which cause galls; and Scolytus prunt, Mytilaspis 
pomorune (a scale insect), and Lecanium capree cause ravages. 
The bark is also attacked by American Blight, the Fruit-tree Bark 
Beetle; the blossom and fruit by the Codlin Moth, Earwig, Golden 
Chafer, Apple-blossom Weevil, Apple Sawfly, Apple Suckers, Wasps; 
the leaves by Apple Aphis, Plum Aphis, Cockchafer, Garden Chafer, 
Green Leaf and Oblong Weevils, Dot Moth, Figure-of-eight Moth, 
Lackey Moth, Large Tortoise-shell Butterfly, Lappet Moth, Mottled 
Umber Moth, Small Ermine Moth, Common Vapourer, Winter Moth; 
the shoots by the Pith Moth; the wood by the Shot-borer Beetles, 
Goat Moth, and Wood Leopard, as well as many other insects. 
Malus, Varro, is the Latin for Apple Tree, and has the same root 
as in the Celtic and Scandinavian languages. 
The Crab Apple is called Apis, Aplyn, Applelyn, Apple, Apple- 
John, Appo, Appulle, Bittersgall, Bittersweet, Catsheads, Coling, Crab, 
Crab-stock, Crab-tree, Grab, Grabstock, Gribble, Koling, Leather 
Jacket, Morris Apple, Nurse Garden, Pomewater, Sap, Scarb Jacket, 
Scrab, Screyt, Scrog, Star Apple, Well Apple, Wharre, Wilding. 
As to the name Bittersgall, it was often remarked of a soft, silly 
person, “* He was born where th’ bittersgall da grow, and one o' 'm 
fall'd on his head, and made a zaate (soft) place there”. In Lincoln- 
shire to gather crabs is called crabbing. An acid liquor-like vinegar 
is called crabvargis. It was a custom 70-80 years ago to pelt the 
parson at Mobberley, Cheshire, with crab apples on Wakes’ Sunday, 
the Sunday next before St. Luke’s Day. The name Nurse Garden 
may be given because of its frequent occurrence in nursery gardens. 
On Twelfth Day, in Devonshire, they go ‘“ wassailing” into the 
orchard after supper, with a large milk-can full of cider with roasted 
