188 FLOWERS OF THE ROADSIDES AND HEDGES 
The plant is galled besides by Cec¢domyia corrugans and C. heraclez. 
It is a food-plant or resort for the beetles Agapanthina lineato-collis, 
Bruchus pectinicornis, Phedon tumidulus, the Lepidoptera Dasyfolia 
templi, Eupithecia tripunctaria, Lucelis aurora, Depressaria depressella, 
D. heracleana, and the fly Aczdza heraclez. 
Fleracleumz, Pliny, is from the hero Hercules (Greek form, Heracles). 
Sphondylium, Dioscorides, is from sphondylos, a vertebra, because of the 
jointed stem. 
This plant is known by such names as Bear’s Breech, Bear-skeiters, 
Beggar-weed, Bilders, Billers, Broad Kelk, Bunnel, Bunnets, Bunnun, 
Bunwand, Caddell, Cadweed, Camlicks, Clog-weed, Cow-cakes, Cow- 
clog-weed, Cow-keeks, Cow-keep, Cow-mumble, Cow-parsnip, Cushia, 
Dryland Scout, Ellrot, Ha-ho Keck, Hogweed, Kedlock, Kex, Kejlus, 
Kelkkecksy, Kesh, Dry Kesh, Kewsies, Limper-scrimp, Limper- 
scrump, Madnep, Meadow Parsnep, Old Rot, Pig’s Bubbles, Pig's 
Cole, Pig’s Parsnip, Pigweed, Piskies, Rabbit Meat, Sweet Biller, 
Swine Weed. 
In connection with the name Cow Parsnip there is a story: “An 
old woman in the parish (St. Fergus) gives her cows a cree full of this 
plant in the season for supper, and she says that the milk-pail next 
morning bears testimony to its virtues”. Other names blended with 
“Cow” have reference to its use as fodder for them, &c. In regard 
to Hogweed, Coles says ‘“‘hogs feed upon it with a great deal of 
greediness”. 
In Kamchatka the dry stalks are collected and stored, and yield 
a sugar-like substance, like liquorice, which is eaten. A spirit is also 
prepared from the stalks fermented with bilberries in Prussia. In 
Poland and Lithuania ale is made from the leaves and seeds. Forty 
pounds of the stalk yield 1 lb. of sugar. The young shoots are eaten 
as asparagus. 
EssENTIAL SPECIFIC CHARACTERS :— 
131. Heracleum Sphondylium, L.—Stem tall, stout, furrowed, hairy, 
leaves large, pinnate, rough, leaflets pinnatifid, flowers white, large, at 
first pink, in a flat umbel, outer irregular, fruit glabrous. 
Hedge Parsley (Caucalis Anthriscus, Huds.) 
Found along every hedgerow, this common member of the Um- 
belliferze is known from its present distribution (entirely) to be limited 
to the North Temperate Zone, where it is found in Europe, North 
Africa, West Asia, as far east as N.W. India. It is found in every 
