DOGWOOD OR CORNEL IgI 
EssENTIAL SPECIFIC CHARACTERS :— 
133. Caucalis Anthriscus, Huds.—Stem tall, slender, rigid, purplish, 
rough, leaves hairy, bipinnate, flowers purplish then white, in umbel, 
with general involucre of many leaves, fruit hooked with incurved 
bristles. 
Dogwood or Cornel (Cornus sanguinea, L.) 
A familiar tree or shrub along our waysides, Cornel occurs in 
Preglacial, Interglacial, and Neolithic deposits. It is distributed to- 
day throughout Europe, Siberia, and Western Asia, in the Temperate 
Zone. It is found throughout the Peninsula, Channel, Thames, Anglia 
and Severn provinces in this country. In Wales it is found in Gla- 
morgan, Brecon, Pembroke, Montgomery, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint, 
Anglesea, and in the Trent, Mersey, Humber, Tyne, and Lakes 
provinces, except in the Isle of Man. It is a native in N. and W. 
Ireland. 
Cornel or Dogwood is a common hedgerow shrub, taking the place 
of Hawthorn in some places, and is associated with Spindle Tree, 
Field Maple, Sloe, Crab, Brambles, Dog Rose, Elder, Ash, Spurge, 
Laurel, Elm and other hedgerow shrubs and trees. It is also found 
in woods, plantations, and copses, being frequently planted there, and 
in gardens. No shrub is more characteristic of the hedgerow than 
Cornel, with its red stems and deeply-veined egg-shaped leaves. 
The wood is very hard. The plant is bushy, with erect branches, 
with acute egg-shaped, opposite leaves, cuspidate, tapered gradually 
to a sharp point, nearly heart-shaped below, and stalked. 
The flowers are yellowish or creamy-white, and are arranged in 
flattened naked cymes, without any leaf-like organs. There is no 
involucre. The 4 calyx-teeth are minute, the petals in bud valvate. 
The fruit is purple. 
Cornel reaches a height of 8 ft. It is flowering usually in June 
and July. It is a deciduous shrub, which can be multiplied by means 
of layers. 
A fleshy ring at the base of the style secretes the honey, which 
lies exposed on a flat surface, and is more easily reached by short- 
lipped insects, e.g. Diptera, than by bees. The anthers and stigma 
develop together and open inwards, and are level with the centre or 
stigma at a little distance. An insect that alights on the flowers, and 
bends its head down to the fleshy disk, usually touches the stigma 
with one side of the head or body and one or two anthers with the 
other. In passing from flower to flower it cross-pollinates them, 
