ELDER 195 
Puccinia albescens, remarkable for the cluster-cup stage being white 
not yellow, and ?. adoxe are found upon Moschatel. 
Adoxa, Linneus, is from the Greek, a@, privative, doxa, esteem, 
from its inconspicuous character, and the second Latin name refers 
to its musk-like perfume. It is called Moschatel, Musk Wood Crow- 
foot, the last because its leaves resemble those of a Crowfoot. 
EssENTIAL SPECIFIC CHARACTERS :— 
36. Adoxa Moschatellina, L.—Rhizome fleshy with white soboles, 
leaves radical, on long petioles, triternate, stem-leaves sessile, flowers 
buff or pink, 4 below, parts in fives, in a whorl, and 1 above, parts in 
fours, fruit deflexed on fruit-stalk, scarlet. 
Elder (Sambucus nigra, L.) 
Commonly associated with human dwellings and activities, Elder 
occurs in deposits of Interglacial, late Glacial, Neolithic, and Roman 
age. Inthe North Temperate Zone it is distributed to-day in Europe 
and North Africa. In Great Britain, universal as it is, it is not found 
in Cardigan or the Northern Isles. From Fife and Forfar, however, 
it extends to the English Channel. In Yorks it grows at 1350 ft. In 
Scotland, according to Watson, it is only a denizen. 
The Elder is so common a tree by the side of our roads and in 
hedgerows that it is difficult to consider it as introduced, in spite of its 
undoubted association with houses and human dwellings generally. It 
was planted here and there formerly on account of a much prevalent 
superstition regarding its value as a herb, &c. It is doubtless also 
much planted now in woods and plantations, and its distribution by 
birds renders it a very common species in a variety of habitats. 
The Elder has the tree or shrub habit. The trunk is as much as 
20-30 ft. high sometimes, and the girth 2 ft. at most, but usually it is 
about 1o ft. high and 6 in. to 1 ft. in girth. The bark is rough and 
corky, light brownish-grey. The buds are scaly.!. The branchlets are 
angular, and the young shoots are light green with darker corky warts.” 
The leaves are pinnate, compound, in opposite pairs. The leaflets are 
in 2~3 or 4 pairs, egg-shaped, lance-shaped, or oblong, rarely rounded, 
toothed, with a terminal one. The stipules are small or absent. 
The flowers are creamy-white in flat-topped, erect, terminal cymes 
on radiating flower-stalks, with 5 main branches. The corolla is white, 
wheel-shaped, with rounded lobes. The anther-stalks are slender. 
? With lenticles, or oval areas, with wide air-spaces in place of stomata. 
* The scales which protect the buds are leaf-stalks, the first very small. 
