220 FLOWERS OF THE ROADSIDES AND HEDGES 
in whorls, three on a flower-stalk, with a general involucre of awl-like 
bracts or leaflike organs. The calyx is tubular, with short curved- 
back teeth. The corolla is gaping, with an erect upper lip, blunt, 
notched. The lower lip is larger, spreading, in three segments, with 
three purple spots. The creeping runners put forth in summer flower 
the next year, and survive the winter. The nutlets (4) are oval and 
contained in the calyx. 
Ground Ivy is about 6 in. to 1 ft. high in flower. The flowers are 
in bloom between Marchand May. The plant is perennial, propagated 
by division, 
The flowers are proterandrous, and the larger are beso br oats, 
the smaller female, with a tube 63-8 mm. long, which is 15-25 mm, 
wide in front. In the former it is 9-16 mm. (or 14-16 usually), and 
24-44 mm. wide in front. The tube is lined below with stiff hairs. 
As many as 86 per cent of the flowers have been found to be female 
in one locality, and 24 per cent later on; in a second year in the same 
district the proportion was 50 per cent and 28 per cent. The honey 
in the female flowers can be reached by all humble bees, and the 
widened mouth in the longer flowers enables all but Lowbus terrestris 
to obtain honey. The larger flowers are visited first, and frequently 
cross-pollination is ensured by the hermaphrodite flowers. 
Visits are paid by Bombus, Apis mellifica, Anthophora, Osmia, 
Nomada, Andrena, Halictus, Bombyhius, Rhingia, Evristahs, Cabbage 
White Butterfly (Pzerzs brvassice), and the Humming-bird Hawk 
Moths (Macroglossa fuciformis) and M. stellatarum. 
The nutlets are smooth, and when ripe fall out around the parent 
plant. 
Being a sand-loving plant, Ground Ivy delights in a sand soil, 
but it is also found on clay soil. 
The plant is often galled by Aulax Glechome and Cecidomyia 
bursuria. A fungus, Puccenia glechomatis, attacks the leaves. A 
beetle, Longztarsus abdominalis, a moth, Coleophora albitarsella, and 
a Homopterous insect, Lapteryx pictus, are found upon it. 
Nefeta, Pliny, is from Nepi, a town in Italy, whilst the second 
Latin name refers to its ivy-like, trailing habit. 
Ground Ivy is called Alehoof, Allhoove, Allhose, Alliff, Bird's-eye, 
Blue Runner, Cat’s-foot, Deceivers, Devil’s Candlesticks, Fat Hen, 
Foalfoot, Folesfoth, Gell, Gill, Gill Hen, Gill-go-by-ground, Ground- 
avey, Ground Ivy, Hayhofe, Haymaiden, Hay-maids, Hedge-maids, 
Heihow, Hen and Chickens, Heyhove, Hove, Jenny-run- ith- ground, 
Jill, Lion’s Mouth, Lizzy-run-the-hedge, Maiden- hair, Mould, Nip, 
