COMMON ELM 22 
this to a tendency to self-pollination which seems not to have been 
generally noticed, especially when proterandry occurs and is not well 
marked. The fruit or samara is dispersed by aid of the wind, the 
broad wing serving this end. 
Though generally planted, the Elm appears to flourish best in 
loamy or clayey soil, and if grown on sandy soil the horizontal roots 
are often exposed to the weather and to frost, and the tree is liable 
to die off in the upper part during drought, or from exposure of the 
roots. 
The Elm is liable to the attacks of fungi, similar to those that 
infest the Wych Elm, as Zaphrina ulmi, Mycospherella ulmi (Elm leat 
spot), Pszlocybe spadicea, [ypholoma fascicularis, Flammula ulmicola, 
Pholiota adiposa, Pleurotus ulmarius, Collybra velutipes, Fomes fomen- 
tarius; Tinder fungus, //ydnum diversidens; Oak rot, Phleospora ult; 
galls such as Schzzoneura ulmi, Pemphigus pallidus; the moths, Wood 
Leopard, Lime Hawk-moth, Copper Underwing, Common Dagger, 
Small Engraved Moth; the butterflies, Large Tortoise-shell, Comma, 
White-letter Hairstreak; the beetles, Orchestes alni, Scolytus destructor, 
S. multistriatus, Hylesinus vittatus, Epipeda plana, Quedius ventralis, 
Ocvpus fuscatus, Trichonyx sulcicollis, Symbiotes latus, Endonychus 
coccineus, Dacne humeralts, Cerylon histeroides, Laemophleus ater, 
Mycetophagus populi, Teresias serra, Dorcus parallelipedus, Ischnodes 
sanguinicollis, Haplocnemus impressus, Rhagium inguisitor. The He- 
miptera Heteroptera, Brachysteles parvicornis, Phytocorts ulmi, Ortho- 
tylis viridinervis, O. ochrotrichus, O. prasinus, Malacocoris chlorizans, 
Asciodema fieberi are found on Elm. The following Hemiptera 
Homoptera, also infest the Elm: Pedzopszs ulmi, Allygius commutatus, 
A lebra albo-striella var. Wahlbergi, Typhlocyba ulmi, T. lethierryt. A 
Hymenopterous insect, Psex padlipes, is found on it. 
The names by which the Elm is known are numerous, viz.: Allom-- 
tree, Alme, Aum, Elem, Ellem, Elm, English Elm, Elmen, Elven, 
Helm, Horse May, May, Ome Tree, Owm. The name Elm is appar- 
ently cognate with the Latin U/Zmus, a Plinyan name for the Elm, and 
Ellum is a general name for Elm. The corky type, Udmus suberosa, 
is called All-heart. 
Called in some districts Elven, the Elm seems to have been con- 
sidered to have had some connection with fairies. The name May is 
applied to a piece of Elm gathered early in the morning of the first 
day of the month. The Elm in Devonshire is regarded as one of 
those trees which are not liable to be struck by lightning, but this is 
not generally the case. | 
