42. Senecio.] 78. COMPOSIT.E. 



42. SENECIO, L. Ragwort. 

 Herbs or shrubs, sometimes scandent. Leaves radical or alternate, 

 entire or cut. Heads usually yellow, radiate (rarely I'^^y ^s ^ • 

 Invol. bracts 1- or sub-2-seriate, equal erect with a ^^ ^y^ f ?^^* 

 outer bracteoles, receptacle various. Ray ««• f^^^-.l^^'^'^f ^^^^^^'f',^'^ 

 herm. tubular, S-fid. Anther-bases obtuse or auricled or minutely 

 tailed. Style-arms of herm. fl. recurved with truncate and penicillate 

 tips, rarely rounded or with a short narrow point. Cypsele snbterete 

 o/ outer dorsally compressed, 5-10-ribbed, pappus-hairs soft white, 

 smooth scabrid or barbellate. 



1. S. nudicaulis, Ham. 



An erect biennial or perennial herb with strong fleshy roots fiv3m a 

 short erect stock and glabrous oblong amplexicaul usually lobed and 

 toothed leaves. Heads yellow •/" diam. corymbose ligules about 1^, 

 •25--3- long. Invol. bracts •2--25", green, 2-seriate with few bracteoles, 

 inner series oblong with scarious margins, outer acuminate. Cypsele 

 •06--07" ribbed and hispid, apex truncate annular, pappus line dirty 

 white -2", that of ray soon deciduous. 



Highest hills of Chota Nagpur. Neterhat plateau ! Parasnath ! In open grass 



Slsc 5s tubular?ca^^^^^^^^ numerous, anthers ecaudate, style arms narrow 



linear with dilated tips, ovary pubescent. 



Calendula officinalis, L., is the English Marigold, often seen in 

 <.ardens in the cold season and called Genda by the Indians. The 

 Sypseles are curved boat-shaped and muricate, the outer also ventrally 

 crested. 



43. ECHINOPS, L. G-lobe-Tliistle. 



Thistle-like herbs with white tomentum and alternate pinnatifid 

 spinous leaves. Heads compound in globose balls, blue or white, 

 each composed of one flower only, sessile or stipitate on a common 

 receptacle and each surrounded by its proper oblong involucre of 

 many-seriate rigid often spinescent bracts, sometimes all connate 

 XV tube with one long spine on the outer side. Fk-/^^-- ^if^ 

 slender tube and 5 slender lobes, anther-bases sagittate auricle^s 

 connate with short entire or fimbriate tails. Sty e-arms thick and 

 wXa thick basal ring. Cypsele elongate, usually villous, pappus 

 of many short free or connate bristles. 



1. E. echinatus, Roxh. 



A much-branched spreading rigid annual 1-2 ft. high with 

 numerous cottony-villous 2-chotomous stems Leaves m outline 

 oblong, pinnatifid with ovate-lane, sinuate lobes strongly spmose 

 minutely scabridly puberulous above, cottony beneath Balls of 

 Ws 1-2" diam. with a common involucre of short 3-cuspidate 

 spinose bracts. Proper involucres with 6-8 outer oblanceolate bracts 

 of which 1 (or 2) is often produced into a long spme. Florets white, 



490 



