78. COMPOSIT.E. [-iS. Saussurea. 



cypsele -17" long, obconic, silkily villous surrounded by the hardening 

 inner connate in vol. bracts Avhich are -3" long and have ciliate tips. 



Behar and Chota Nagpur, C B. Clarice. Hazaribagh ! Fl. April- June. 

 44. CNICUS, L. Thistle. 



Erect often cottony or villous thistles with alternate often decur- 

 rent pinnatifid or toothed and spinescent leaves Heads usually 

 white or piirple, honiogamous, all flowers tubular and herni. oi 

 rarely diojcious. Invol. bracts many-seriate, outer often foliaceous, 

 usually spinescent. Receptacle densely bristly. Cor.-tube slendei 

 5-fid Anther-bases with connate auricles and slender tails, btyle- 

 arms obtuse. Cypsele glabrous obovoid, top truncate or umbonate, 

 basal areole nearly straight, pappus copious with many-senate 

 feathery hairs united in a deciduous basal rmg. 



1 C. arvensis, Hojfm. Syn.Cirsiumarvense.S^oi^. ; Carduus arvensis, 

 Rohs. ; Creeping Thistle ; Creeping Plume-thistle. 



A handsome weed about 2 ft. high with a creeping root and very 

 spinous sessile or very slightly decurrent oblong-lanceolate wavy 

 leaves. Heads numerous, peduncled, ovoid, pale- or lilac-purple 

 dia3cious. Invol. bracts broad - lanceolate adpressed with short 

 spreading spine. Cypsele Imear-oblong compressed. 



Fields, northern area and cooler parts of Chota Nagpur ! Not very common 

 Fl., Fr. c.s. 



A common English weed. 



Cynara Scolymus, L. The Globe Artichoke; Kunjir, TJrdn; Hathi- 

 chuk, Vern. 

 This handsome thistle is often cultivated in India, and has J^f/'l^XrPP.Xcle'^are 

 blue tiorets. The base of the inner involucral Dracts and Part of the ^ ecefag e ai e 

 eaten. The Artichoke is probably only derived by ^^^Itivation fiom C^^»am 

 cardancidu^^. the Cardoou, which is native of the Mediterranean region {De Candolle, 

 Origin of Cultivated Plants). 



45. SAUSSUREA, DC. 

 Herbs often cottony with unarmed leaves. Heads honiogamous 

 with purple or bluish herm. fls. with slender tube and narrow o-hd. 

 limb Invol.-bracts many-seriate appressed, inner longer narrower. 

 Receptacle densely bristly. Filaments free with sagittate anther- 

 bases and connate auricles with tails usually long entire ciliate or 

 woolly. Style arms-linear. Cypsele glabrous oblong 4-5-ribbecl or 

 -ano-led, top truncate and cupular or crowned with a thickened disc 

 ancf persistent base of style, basal areole straight, pappus-hairs 1-2- 

 seriate, inner feathery, base thickened and connate into a deciduous 

 ring, outer pappus caducous or 0. 



Inflorescence cottony. Achenes '2" l' ''''1!^!^'^"^' 



Ill florescence glabrous. Achenes -1" -. quixn: 



1. S. candicans, Clarice. 



A handsome herb with stems 2-5 ft. high more or less lanuginous, 

 corymbosely branched (or in small specimens scapose and 1-headed). 

 Leaves cottony or white-tomentose beneath, lowest petioled lyi'ate- 

 pinnatifid, sometimes attaining 18" by 5", upper sinuate-pmnatihd 



k 



•191 



