514 THE LICHEN FAMILY. 



The uses of Lichens are chiefly as yielding dyes and colouring 

 matters, some of the most vivid and beautiful of which are obtained 

 from these humble and inconspicuous plants. Litmus, orchil, and 

 cudbear are the chief. In a few cases, they are mucilaginous and 

 medicinal, as happens with the " Iceland moss," or Ceiraria Islandica. 



The nomenclature of the following list is nearly that of Dr. Lindsay's 

 excellent little manual, the " Popular History of British Lichens." 

 Where the names differ from those of the " English Flora," the latter 

 are cited as synonymes, and marked Sm. The habitats are indicated 

 by initial letters as with the mosses. 



Before entering on the study of the Lichens, the beginner should 

 look over the di'awings in " English Botany." 



HABITATS AND LOCALITIES. 

 H. — Hedge and ditch-bauks. 

 I M. — Moorlands, especially in the mountainous districts. 

 M.K. — Mountain rocks. 

 T. — Trees, especially firs. 

 W. — Walls, rocks, and roofs. 



Usnea fiorida. T. 



E. B. xiii. 872 (as Lichen floridus). 

 plicata. T. 



E. B. iv. 257 (as Lichen plicatus). 

 Alectoria jubata. T., especially firs. 



E. B. xxvii. 1880 (as Lichen jubatus). 

 Cornicularia aculeata. M. 



E. B. vii. 452 (as Lichen hispidxis). 



lanata. M. 



E. B. xii. 846 (as Lichen lanatus). 

 Hamalina Jarinacea. T. 



E. B. xiii. 889 (as Lichen farinaceus), 



fraxinea. T., especially ashes. 



E. B. XXV. 1781 (as Lichen fraxineus). 



fastiijiata. T. 



E. B. xiii. 890 (as Lichen fastigiatus). 

 Physcia {Borrera, Sm.) ciliaris. (Fig. 230.) T. M. R. 

 E. B. xix. 1352 (as Lichen ciliaris). 



{Evernia,iim.) j)runastri. T. M. The thallus is quite white, 



and underneath hairy or cottony, by which, along with its soft- 

 ness, it is distinguished from every other British lichen. 



E. B. xii. 859 (as Lichen prunastri). 



