stout: pollinations in cichorium intybus 433 



If fertilization depends on the production of fertilizin then self- 

 sterile hermaphrodites that are cross-fertile with certain other 

 individuals must produce a fertilizin which has selective chemo- 

 tactic power due to some type or grade of relative physiological 

 differentiation. 



It is obvious that the facts as Lillie has found them require 

 that the action of the so-called fertilizin must give various grades 

 of isoagglutination ranging from complete paralysis to complete 

 reversal and recovery paralleling the fluctuating conditions of 

 fertilization quite generally emphasized by studies on Ciona, 

 Cardamme, Cichorium, Primula, etc. Furthermore, the egg 

 extracts of Arbacia are also agglutinative of sperms of Nereis with 

 action that is violent and extremely toxic. Evidence is produced, 

 however, to show that this so-called heteroagglutinin is another 

 substance than the so-called isoagglutinin (fertilizin). The inter- 

 relations of these secretions of ova to fertilization and normal 

 development after fertilization need to be fully investigated 

 especially as the action of fertilizin, assumed by Lillie to be neces- 

 sary for fertilization, is repeatedly spoken of as a type of incom- 

 patibility which "certainly lessens the fertilizing power of the 

 sperm" ('13a, p. 556). 



The phenomena of agglutination effects in these lower animals 

 evidently afford a field for further careful investigation. The 

 analysis of the chemotactic influence of egg secretion should be 

 extended to such hermaphrodites as Ciona, of which different 

 strains exhibit various degrees of self-fertility and also to such 

 species as can be grown in pedigreed cultures in which the self- 

 and cross-incompatibilities (judged by fertility) are as varied and 

 fluctuating as are those in Primula, Lythrum, Cardamine, and 

 Cichorium. 



Von Dungern ('02) reports, previously to Lillie's studies, that 

 so-called sperm heteroagglutinins are produced by certain species 

 of Asterias and Echinus reciprocally, but not by other species. His 

 studies were made with extracts from crushed eggs rather than 

 from the secretions of eggs. He considers that the agglutinations 

 check or inhibit interspecific fertilizations. He further injected 

 ova and sperm of the same species separately into rabbits and 

 found that both led to the production of sperm agglutinins in the 

 blood of rabbits. The relation of such induced agglutinins to 

 29 



