534 MEMOIRS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 



study was made of the seed coats In the apple, it is evident that 

 the nucellus and the inner integument are not as important as 

 the outer integument. The zoned appearance in the latter is 

 shown in FIGURE 2. The outermost zone is composed of cells 

 which are considerably elongated and flattened. The inner integu- 

 ment, consisting of two or three rows of cells in the ovule, can not 

 be distinguished in the seed. The nucellus in the ovule occupies 

 all of the area within the integuments except the embryo-sac but 

 in the seed becomes quite inconspicuous due to the enlargement 

 of the embryo sac and the amount of endosperm formed. Pe- 

 choutre describes the nucellus as recognizable by a cutinized strip 

 or band. This is conspicuous in the apple as the dark wavy line 

 in FIGURE 2, PLATE 40, and its origin can be distinguished in 

 FIGURE I, PLATE 40. The endosperm is practically exhausted 

 by the time the seed is mature. 



5. The DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRUIT 



The activity following fertilization is not confined to the embryo 

 and ovule but extends to the ovary and torus, the further develop- 

 ment of which gives rise to the fruit called in the case of the 

 apple, a pome. The word pomum is used several times by Pliny 

 (28) but referred then to many kinds of fruit, such as apples, 

 cherries, nuts, berries, figs, and dates. Its application was apt 

 only for round fruits. The fruit of the apple is now called a 

 pome. Hence there is the Pomaceae or apple family or tribe. 

 Conversely, the definition for a pome in general terms as found in 

 the glossary^ of Gray's Manual 7th ed. reads, "Pome, — a kind of 

 fleshy fruit of which the apple is the type," or in Jackson's Glos- 

 sary- of Botanic Terms (29) "Pome, — an inferior fruit of several 

 cells of which the apple is the type." More specific descriptions 

 are given by Gray in the text of the 7th edition of the ManuaF 

 as — "Fruit a large, fleshy pome with 2-5 papery or cartilaginous 

 cells imbedded In the flesh." The genus Pyrus in Gray's Field, 

 Forest and (harden Botany' Is characterized as "a genus made to 

 include a great variety of plants, agreeing In the cartilaginous 

 parchment-like or thin-walled cells that contain the seeds. In the 



iPage 881. 



* Page 206. 

 ' Page 457. 



* Page 161. 



