black: inflorescence and fruit of pyrus malus 535 



apple the fruit is umbilicate at l)oth ends. It is various, but always 

 holding the calyx lobes upon its apex." 



It is evident from the literature that the structure of the apple, 

 pear, and quince has been the object of much study. Lindley 

 (30) describing the Pomaceae states that as the fruit ripens, the 

 calyx and ovaries increase simultaneously in size. The carpels 

 become fleshy and form with the calyx a five-celled fruit with 

 cartilaginous or chartaceous endocarp in Pyrus and osseous endo- 

 carp in Mespilus — and to these the term pomum may be strictly 

 applied. The fruit is absolutely inferior, the carpels cohering 

 with the calyx and each other by their whole surfaces. 



De Candolle (31) describes the fruit of the Pomaceae as re- 

 enforced or consisting of the union of the calyx tube and carpels. 

 Decaisne (32) gives a longitudinal section of the fruit, showing 

 the position of the receptacular cup and ovaries. Carriere (33) 

 gives a cross section of the fruit in reference to the core. Barry 

 (34) describes the pomes or kernel fruits as accessory fruits. In 

 Le Maout and Decaisne (19) directions are given to halve an 

 unripe pear or apple when five carpels are found, forming 5 two- 

 ovuled cells, surrounded by a fleshy mass. The so-called calycine 

 tube (better called receptacular cup) has closely enveloped them, 

 and agglutinated them by their lateral faces, but has left their 

 inner faces free. The parenchyma of the receptacle is enormously 

 increased in bulk to envelop the ovaries ; the remains of the sepals 

 and stamens are carried up by the expansion of the receptacle. 

 The receptacular tube encloses the carpels. A pome is considered 

 an accessory fruit and is defined as a berry composed of many, 

 usually five, cartilaginous carpels, forming five cells and united 

 to the receptacular tube; — examples are the apple, pear, and 

 quince. 



The word receptacular cup gives way to perhaps a better ter- 

 minology in the use of the word hypanthium or hypanthial re- 

 ceptacle, which is a flower axis or receptacle developed mainly 

 under the calyx — according to Gray (4). He states in describing 

 the flower of Calycanthus that"^ "the receptacle, instead of convex 

 or protuberant is here concave, and has grown up around the ovary 

 which is free from the cup but immersed in it, as in the hawthorn, 

 A comparison with a rose-hip, an apple and a pear much strength- 



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