536 MEMOIRS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 



ens this interpretation which is rather largely adopted at this day, 

 at least theoretically. It was perhaps first proposed by Link who 

 introduced the appropriate name of Hypanthium." Sturtevant 

 (35) sums up the fruit of the apple as the core, consisting of the 

 carpels, and the edible portion, or the calyx, which is adherent to 

 the exterior of the ovary. Bessey (36) defines a pome as the en- 

 larged and fleshy calyx cup enclosing the papery carpels. Stras- 

 burger (37) describes the apple as a form of berry and considers 

 it a spurious fruit composed of the carpels which are adnate to 

 the wall of the receptacle. In the Handbook of Practical Botany 

 (38) he describes the apple as a fleshy indehiscent fruit. The 

 ovary is considered five-celled and is immersed in a hollowed 

 flower stalk, a so-called hypanthium, or receptacular tube and is 

 adnate to this. The thickening in the endocarp is compared with 

 the shell of a plum stone. Van Tieghem^ (3 9) describing the fruit 

 of the Rosaceae says: "The floral receptacle develops sometimes 

 at maturity into a fleshy and edible substance (strawberry). 

 In other cases it is the tube resulting from the concrescence of the 

 three external parts which grows and forms around the fruit, a 

 dry envelope (sanguisorba, agrimonia, etc.), or fleshy (rose); 

 in the latter case if the carpels are concrescent with this fleshy 

 tube and if they themselves become drupes, we have a fruit of 

 which the fleshy portion has a double origin, belonging as regards 

 the external part to the tube formed by the concrescence of the 

 external parts and as regards the internal part to the pistil itself; 

 it is in part a false fruit (pear, quince, hawthorn, etc.)," Sorauer 

 (40) has a diagram of a young flower of the apple on page 219 of 

 the Popular Treatise on the Physiology of Plants, and in the text 

 states that the edible portion of the apple consists of the hollowed 

 axis or receptacle and that the apple is the cortical tissue of a 

 succulent shoot. 



The exact nature of the structure of the fruit of the apple is 

 obtained from a stud}' of the development of the parts, as has 

 recently been done by Kraus in his paper. The Gross ^lorphology 

 of the Apple. Kraus states in his summary on page 10 "that the 

 initial development of an epigynous fruit as typified by the apple 

 (Malus), and of a perigynous fruit such as the plum (Prumis), 

 are the same. Subseciuent growth in the former, proceeds across 



' Page 1663. 



